Navigating the New Normal: The Role of Residents’ Involvement and Support in Sustainable Tourism Recovery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. The Positive Impacts of Tourism and Social Exchange Theory (SET)
2.2. Knowledge Regarding the Effect of the Pandemic on Tourism and the KAP Theory
2.3. Residents’ Attitudes about Tourism and Emotional Solidarity (ES) Theory
2.4. Linking Residents’ Attitudes about Tourism, Tourism Support, and Tourism Involvement
2.5. Professional Ties to Tourism as a Moderator
2.6. The Moderating Role of Gender
3. Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Characterization of the Questionnaire and Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Characteristics
4.2. CFA and SEM Results
5. Discussion
6. Implications and Limitations
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Practical Implications
6.3. Limitations and Future Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender (n = 545) | ||
Male | 290 | 53.2 |
Female | 255 | 46.8 |
Age (n = 545) | ||
≤20 | 50 | 9.2 |
20–29 | 204 | 37.4 |
30–39 | 152 | 27.9 |
40–49 | 97 | 17.8 |
50–59 | 36 | 6.6 |
≥60 | 6 | 1.1 |
Marital Status (n = 542) | ||
Married | 248 | 45.4 |
Single | 247 | 45.3 |
Divorced or separated | 36 | 6.6 |
Widowed | 13 | 2.4 |
Education (n = 542) | ||
High school diploma or less | 205 | 37.6 |
Associate degree | 54 | 9.9 |
Bachelor’s degree | 241 | 44.2 |
Master’s degree or higher | 42 | 7.7 |
Employment (n = 544) | ||
Not tourism related | 218 | 40.2 |
Tourism related | 326 | 59.8 |
Frequency of interacting with tourists (n = 544) | ||
None | 150 | 27.5 |
1 day/week | 120 | 22.0 |
A few days/week | 105 | 19.3 |
Almost everyday | 169 | 31 |
Monthly household income (n = 542) | ||
Under TRY 4000 | 164 | 30.1 |
TRY 4000–5999 | 178 | 32.7 |
TRY 6000–7999 | 90 | 16.5 |
TRY 8000–9999 | 55 | 10.1 |
TRY 10,000 or more | 55 | 10.1 |
Constructs and Indicators | Standardize Factor | t- | CR | AVE | α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Loadings | Values | ||||
Support for Tourism Development (STD) | 0.93 | 0.73 | 0.935 | ||
STD1 | 0.86 | N/A | |||
STD2 | 0.84 | 28.59 *** | |||
STD3 | 0.90 | 26.33 *** | |||
STD4 | 0.86 | 24.25 *** | |||
STD5 | 0.81 | 21.87 *** | |||
Attitudes towards Tourist (AT) | 0.84 | 0.57 | 0.840 | ||
AT1 | 0.83 | N/A | |||
AT2 | 0.80 | 20.69 *** | |||
AT3 | 0.72 | 17.90 *** | |||
AT4 | 0.66 | 16.23 *** | |||
Attitudes towards Tourism Development (ATD) | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.942 | ||
ATD1 | 0.88 | N/A | |||
ATD2 | 0.92 | 35.14 *** | |||
ATD3 | 0.88 | 24.37 *** | |||
ATD4 | 0.88 | 25.09 *** | |||
Subjective Knowledge (SK) | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.897 | ||
SK1 | 0.83 | N/A | |||
SK2 | 0.93 | 25.79 *** | |||
SK3 | 0.84 | 23.10 *** | |||
Positive Impacts of Tourism (PIT) | 0.88 | 0.52 | 0.883 | ||
PIT1 | 0.58 | N/A | |||
PIT2 | 0.65 | 14.50 *** | |||
PIT3 | 0.66 | 12.20 *** | |||
PIT4 | 0.84 | 13.92 *** | |||
PIT5 | 0.79 | 13.59 *** | |||
PIT6 | 0.73 | 13.12 *** | |||
PIT7 | 0.75 | 13.14 *** | |||
Involvement in Tourism (IT) | 0.80 | 0.58 | 0.767 | ||
IT1 | 0.55 | N/A | |||
IT2 | 0.94 | 12.84 *** | |||
IT3 | 0.74 | 12.44 *** |
Fit Indices | χ2 | df | χ2/df | p | CFI | IFI | TLI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measurement Model | 859.718 | 275 | 3.126 | 0.000 | 0.944 | 0.944 | 0.934 | 0.063 |
Structural Model | 1210.868 | 281 | 4.309 | 0.000 | 0.911 | 0.911 | 0.900 | 0.078 |
Measures | CR | AVE | STD | SK | AT | ATD | IT | PIT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Support for Tourism Development (STD) | 0.93 | 0.73 | 0.86 | |||||
Subjective Knowledge (SK) | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.45 | 0.87 | ||||
Attitudes towards Tourist (AT) | 0.84 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.29 | 0.76 | |||
Attitudes towards Tourism Development (ATD) | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 0.89 | ||
Involvement in Tourism (IT) | 0.80 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.38 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.76 | |
Positive Impacts of Tourism (PIT) | 0.88 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.72 |
Hypotheses Tests | B | Beta (β) | t-Values | Supported? |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1: Positive Impacts of Tourism ➔ Attitudes towards Tourist (PIT and AT) | 0.67 | 0.61 | 10.16 *** | Yes |
H2: Positive Impacts of Tourism ➔ Attitudes towards Tourism Development (PIT and ATD) | 0.55 | 0.48 | 8.94 *** | Yes |
H3: Subjective Knowledge ➔ Attitudes towards Tourist (SK and AT) | 0.20 | 0.20 | 4.89 *** | Yes |
H4: Subjective Knowledge ➔ Attitudes towards Tourism Development (SK and ATD) | 0.23 | 0.22 | 5.33 ** | Yes |
H5: Attitudes towards Tourist ➔ Involvement in Tourism (AT and IT) | 0.30 | 0.45 | 5.83 *** | Yes |
H6: Attitudes towards Tourist ➔ Support for Tourism Development (AT and STD) | 0.48 | 0.44 | 6.83 *** | Yes |
H7: Attitudes towards Tourism Development ➔ Involvement in Tourism (ATD and IT) | 0.11 | 0.17 | 9.54 ** | Yes |
H8: Attitudes towards Tourism Development ➔ Support for Tourism Development (ATD and STD) | 0.38 | 0.36 | 6.27 *** | Yes |
Professional Ties to Tourism | Gender Perspective Differences | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hypothesized Relationship | H9 Not Tourism Related (n = 218) | Tourism Related (n = 326) | H10 Male Residents (n = 290) | Female Residents (n = 255) |
a: PIT ➔ AT | 6.23 *** | 7.32 *** | 8.02 *** | 6.29 *** |
b: PIT ➔ ATD | 5.71 *** | 6.44 *** | 7.54 *** | 5.03 *** |
c: SK ➔ AT | 1.48 ns | 4.70 *** | 5.64 *** | 0.89 ns |
d: SK ➔ ATD | 1.74 ns | 5.93 *** | 6.17 *** | 1.40 ns |
e: AT ➔ IT | 2.54 * | 4.91 *** | 4.02 *** | 3.94 *** |
f: AT ➔ STD | 3.07 ** | 5.62 *** | 4.98 *** | 4.26 *** |
g: ATD ➔ IT | 1.96 ns | 2.56 * | 3.21 ** | 0.95 ns |
h: ATD ➔ STD | 3.85 *** | 5.95 *** | 6.22 *** | 2.41 * |
Fit Statistics | ||||
CMIN(χ2) | 3093.93 | 3093.93 | 3093.93 | 3093.93 |
χ2/df (df = 1124) | 2.753 | 2.753 | 2.753 | 2.753 |
RMSEA | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.040 |
IFI | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 |
TLI | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
CFI | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 |
R2 SMC | ||||
ATD | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.21 |
AT | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.56 | 0.39 |
STD | 0.34 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.29 |
IT | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.23 |
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Erul, E.; Uslu, A.; Woosnam, K.M.; Santos, J.A.C.; Aleshinloye, K.D.; Ribeiro, M.A. Navigating the New Normal: The Role of Residents’ Involvement and Support in Sustainable Tourism Recovery. Sustainability 2024, 16, 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114333
Erul E, Uslu A, Woosnam KM, Santos JAC, Aleshinloye KD, Ribeiro MA. Navigating the New Normal: The Role of Residents’ Involvement and Support in Sustainable Tourism Recovery. Sustainability. 2024; 16(11):4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114333
Chicago/Turabian StyleErul, Emrullah, Abdullah Uslu, Kyle Maurice Woosnam, José António C. Santos, Kayode D. Aleshinloye, and Manuel Alector Ribeiro. 2024. "Navigating the New Normal: The Role of Residents’ Involvement and Support in Sustainable Tourism Recovery" Sustainability 16, no. 11: 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114333