Spatial Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in Fujian, China: A Watershed Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Sources
3.3. Methods
3.3.1. Kernel Density Analysis
3.3.2. Nearest Neighbor Index
3.3.3. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
3.3.4. Stepwise Regression Model
3.3.5. GWR
3.4. Research Framework
4. Results
4.1. Watershed Characteristics of Spatial Distribution
4.1.1. Types of Spatial Distribution
4.1.2. Density of Spatial Distribution
4.1.3. Spatial Autocorrelation Features
4.1.4. The Correlation between Spatial Distribution and River Hierarchy
4.2. Influencing Factors of Spatial Distribution
4.2.1. Variable Selection for Influencing Factors
4.2.2. Analysis of GWR Model Results
4.2.3. Analysis of the Spatial Heterogeneity of Influencing Factors
- Relief
- 2.
- Annual Average Temperature and Precipitation
- 3.
- Arable Land
- 4.
- Per Capita GDP
- 5.
- Distance to County-Level or Higher-Grade Cities
- 6.
- Concentration of Cultural Heritage Preservation Units
5. Discussion
5.1. Strategies for the Protection and Development of Traditional Villages within Watersheds
- (1)
- Space: Kernel density analysis and hot–cold spot analysis revealed that traditional villages in the watershed exhibit multi-core agglomeration, characterized by proximity to bodies of water. Watersheds with dense concentrations of traditional villages serve as central hubs for cluster protection, and a linear heritage protection corridor can be established along rivers to safeguard these traditional villages spatially.
- (2)
- Culture: The three cores of traditional villages represent Eastern Fujian, Central Fujian, and Western Fujian Hakka cultures. The cultural heritage within these cores should be thoroughly explored as a basis for protecting traditional village cultures.
- (3)
- Landscape: The watershed’s water system significantly influences the morphological characteristics of surrounding settlements [70]. Additionally, village culture is also closely linked with village landscapes, which can be used as cores to carry out cluster protection of traditional village landscapes.
- (4)
- Industry: Based on the characteristics of the watershed economy [71,72], efforts should be made to coordinate resources and diversify village development to foster the growth of village industry chains. This approach helps prevent single-industry dominance and homogeneous development while stimulating the formation of traditional village industry clusters within the watershed.
- (5)
- Governance: Small watersheds represent typical human settlement units characterized by high integrity and correlation [73]. Local development and construction initiatives within small watersheds must prioritize the holistic interests of these areas [74]. Spatial governance could be implemented at the scale of small watersheds to promote the cluster governance of traditional villages by enhancing the spatial connectivity of traditional villages and coordinating watershed governance responsibilities.
5.2. Advantages and Limitations
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Traditional villages in Fujian generally exhibit a clustered distribution within watersheds, except for the Jinjiang river basin, Jiaoxi river basin, and Huotongxi river basin, where a random distribution pattern is evident.
- (2)
- Traditional villages tend to aggregate along basin boundaries and, while they are evenly distributed in remaining small watersheds, primarily cluster in three hot spot regions: Bopingling between the Jiulongjiang and Tingjiang river basins; the Jiaoxi, Huotongxi, and Aojiang river basins in eastern Fujian; and the southern Minjiang river basin.
- (3)
- Most traditional villages are situated near low-order streams, indicating a distribution pattern along tributaries. However, in the Huotongxi river basin, traditional villages are relatively evenly dispersed near second-, third-, and fourth-order streams, showcasing unique characteristics.
- (4)
- Relief, annual average temperature, annual average precipitation, arable land, per capita GDP, distance to county-level or higher cities, and the concentration of cultural heritage preservation units are identified as the primary factors influencing the spatial distribution of traditional villages. The extent and effect of these factors exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity within watersheds.
- (5)
- Natural environmental factors play a pivotal role in the genesis of traditional village formations, with relief and arable land predominantly exerting positive influences. Temperature and precipitation generally manifest consistent effects within the same river basin, barring the Huotongxi river basin. Meanwhile, socioeconomic factors emerge as principal determinants in traditional village evolution, marked by an inverse relationship between per capita GDP and urban proximity, juxtaposed with a positive correlation with the presence of cultural heritage preservation units.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Area/km² | Number | Density/Units per 1000 km² | Proportion/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
Minjiang River Basin | 59,547.08 | 228 | 3.83 | 41.30 |
Jiulongjiang River Basin | 14,494.98 | 53 | 3.66 | 9.60 |
Tingjiang River Basin | 12,058.33 | 47 | 3.90 | 8.51 |
Jinjiang River Basin | 5594.74 | 11 | 1.97 | 1.99 |
Jiaoxi River Basin | 4587.08 | 64 | 13.95 | 11.59 |
Aojiang River Basin | 2629.54 | 21 | 7.99 | 3.80 |
Huotongxi River Basin | 2228.79 | 46 | 20.64 | 8.33 |
Study Area | 101,140.53 | 470 | 4.65 | 85.14 |
Fujian Province | 124,862.96 | 552 | 4.42 | 100.00 |
Region | /km | /km | p-Value | Type | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minjiang River Basin | 7.182 | 8.080 | 0.888 | 0.001 | Agglomeration |
Jiulongjiang River Basin | 6.934 | 8.268 | 0.839 | 0.025 | Agglomeration |
Tingjiang River Basin | 6.009 | 8.008 | 0.750 | 0.001 | Agglomeration |
Jinjiang River Basin | 11.224 | 11.274 | 0.995 | 0.997 | Random |
Jiaoxi River Basin | 4.005 | 4.229 | 0.946 | 0.417 | Random |
Aojiang River Basin | 3.875 | 5.591 | 0.693 | 0.007 | Agglomeration |
Huotongxi River Basin | 3.260 | 3.478 | 0.937 | 0.415 | Random |
Overall | 5.922 | 7.319 | 0.809 | 0.000 | Agglomeration |
Region | First- Order | Second- Order | Third- Order | Fourth- Order | Fifth- Order | Sixth- Order |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minjiang River Basin | 163 | 41 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 0 |
Jiulongjiang River Basin | 32 | 12 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tingjiang River Basin | 33 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Jinjiang River Basin | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Jiaoxi River Basin | 32 | 15 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Aojiang River Basin | 18 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Huotongxi River Basin | 33 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 321 | 83 | 38 | 24 | 4 | 0 |
Proportion | 68.30% | 17.66% | 8.09% | 5.11% | 0.85% | 0.00% |
Variable | Dimension | Indicator | Calculation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | —— | Concentration of traditional villages | Quantity of traditional villages in each small watershed | |
Independent variable | Natural environment factor | Terrain | Elevation | The mean elevation of each small watershed |
Relief | Difference between the highest and lowest points of each small watershed | |||
Climate | Annual average temperature | Calculate the average of the annual average temperature for each small watershed using zonal statistics | ||
Annual average precipitation | Calculate the average of the annual average precipitation for each small watershed using zonal statistics | |||
Ecology | NDVI | Calculate the average of the NDVI for each small watershed using zonal statistics | ||
Arable land | The ratio of arable land to the watershed area | |||
Hydrology | River density | The ratio of river length to the watershed area | ||
Water area | The ratio of water area to the watershed area | |||
Socioeconomic factor | Economy | Per capita GDP | Calculate the average of the per capita GDP for each small watershed using zonal statistics | |
Population | Population density | Calculate the average of the Population density for each small watershed using zonal statistics | ||
Urbanization | Distance to county-level or higher-grade cities | Distances from the geometric centers of each small watershed to cities of county level and higher grades are classified as follows: 0–5 km, 5–10 km, 10–15 km, 15–20 km, 20–25 km, and above 25 km as 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0, respectively | ||
Transportation | Road density | The ratio of road length to the watershed area | ||
Culture | Concentration of cultural heritage preservation units | Number of national and provincial cultural heritage preservation units in each small watershed |
Indicator | Non-Standard Coefficient | Standard Coefficient | t | Sig. | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relief | 0.00018 | 0.08279 | 3.45196 | 0.00057 | 1.42504 |
Annual average temperature | −0.10448 | −0.26448 | −8.37756 | 0.00000 | 2.46902 |
Annual average precipitation | −0.00063 | −0.24897 | −8.88006 | 0.00000 | 1.94732 |
Arable land | 0.00533 | 0.08850 | 3.53634 | 0.00041 | 1.55150 |
Per capita GDP | −0.00002 | −0.23089 | −7.70822 | 0.00000 | 2.22268 |
Distance to county-level or higher-grade cities | −0.02612 | −0.06529 | −3.00049 | 0.00273 | 1.17287 |
Concentration of cultural heritage preservation units | 0.13649 | 0.31590 | 10.89036 | 0.00000 | 2.08449 |
constant term | 3.02728 | —— | 9.11381 | 0.00000 | —— |
Region | Relief | Annual Average Temperature | Annual Average Precipitation | Arable Land | Per Capita GDP | Distance to County-Level or Higher-Grade Cities | Concentration of Cultural Heritage Preservation Units |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minjiang River Basin | 0.000221 | −0.020506 | −0.000383 | 0.004727 | −0.000111 | −0.033096 | 0.277082 |
Jiulongjiang River Basin | 0.000062 | −0.092189 | −0.000441 | 0.008007 | 0.000003 | −0.057368 | 0.138330 |
Tingjiang River Basin | 0.000112 | −0.112274 | −0.000525 | 0.010174 | −0.000024 | −0.083180 | 0.123965 |
Jinjiang River Basin | −0.000024 | −0.134454 | −0.000397 | 0.007197 | −0.000029 | 0.067155 | 0.113175 |
Jiaoxi River Basin | 0.001585 | 0.182853 | 0.000667 | 0.011241 | −0.000092 | −0.231700 | 0.279445 |
Aojiang River Basin | −0.000065 | 0.026616 | 0.005990 | 0.014277 | −0.000019 | 0.114608 | 0.094693 |
Huotongxi River Basin | 0.001492 | −0.003637 | 0.000087 | 0.026651 | −0.000137 | −0.106450 | 0.380535 |
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Hu, K.; Lin, W.; Fan, L.; Yang, S.; Zhang, T. Spatial Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in Fujian, China: A Watershed Perspective. Sustainability 2024, 16, 4787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114787
Hu K, Lin W, Fan L, Yang S, Zhang T. Spatial Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in Fujian, China: A Watershed Perspective. Sustainability. 2024; 16(11):4787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114787
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Keyu, Weipin Lin, Liwen Fan, Sisheng Yang, and Tiancong Zhang. 2024. "Spatial Differentiation and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in Fujian, China: A Watershed Perspective" Sustainability 16, no. 11: 4787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114787