Interrelationships between Urbanization and Ecosystem Services in the Urban Agglomeration around Poyang Lake and Its Zoning Management at an Integrated Multi-Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.3. Methodological Framework
2.3.1. Measurement of Urbanization Level
2.3.2. Ecosystem Service Value
2.3.3. Correlation Analysis
2.3.4. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
2.3.5. Scale Selection Analysis
2.3.6. Spatial Regression Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Urbanization
3.2. Temporal and Spatial Changes in the ESV
3.3. Results of Correlation Analysis
3.4. Results of Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
3.5. Results of Spatial Regression Analysis
3.6. Zoning Management of the Urban Agglomeration around Poyang Lake
4. Discussion
4.1. The Evolution of Urbanization and the ESV
4.2. The Interaction between Urbanization and the ESV
4.3. Policy Recommendations and Implications
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- From 2005 to 2020, the UL in the PYLUA has significantly increased, and the land urbanization has shifted from single-point expansion to multi-point expansion. The change in population density showed a steady growth and spread to the surrounding areas, and the gap in economic growth between regions was significantly reduced.
- (2)
- The ESV generally maintained a stable trend. The high-value areas were majorly situated around the Poyang Lake waters, and the low-value areas were majorly situated in urbanized areas with dense construction land.
- (3)
- Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that the ESV and urbanization subsystems have shown a significant negative correlation over the past 15 years, regardless of the scale, and that population urbanization has more negative correlation with the ESV, while there is a certain degree of positive correlation between the urbanization subsystems.
- (4)
- There is a significant spatial negative correlation between the UL and ESV at all the scales in the PYLUA, and the negative effect is significantly enhanced over time. The distribution of H-H is sporadic and the least, and the distribution of L-L is wide. H-L is mainly distributed in economically developed areas such as the Great Nanchang metropolitan area in the southwest and the centers of counties and cities. L-H is mainly distributed in the central and eastern waters and woodland areas.
- (5)
- By adding a series of control variables, according to the OLS model regression results, land urbanization and population urbanization have a negative impact on their ESVs at the 1% significant level, and the impact of economic urbanization on the ESV is not significant. In the MGWR model regression results, land urbanization, population urbanization, and economic urbanization have better explanatory effects on the ESV at administrative scale and grid scale, respectively.
- (6)
- Through the study of the spatial interaction between urbanization and the ESV at different scales, the study area is divided into the Coordinated Development Zone, Co-Loss Zone, Development Lag Zone, Ecological Loss Zone, and Development Potential Zone. By analyzing the spatial effect of urbanization subsystem on the ESV, significant areas of negative effect in population urbanization, significant areas of negative effect in economic urbanization, significant areas of negative effect in land urbanization, and areas of more pronounced negative effect were identified. Ultimately, according to the situation of each zone, the corresponding management strategy is proposed.
- (7)
- It is proposed that certain pertinent measures be implemented in analogous geographic regions. First, land use should be planned to allow for different types of land use. Second, over-exploitation can be regulated through social supervision, public participation, and penalties. Third, policy should be made to break down administrative barriers.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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First Classification | Secondary Classification | Cultivated Land | Wood Land | Grass Land | Water Body | Construction Land | Unused Land |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provisioning services | Food production | 2656.70 | 633.12 | 913.61 | 1574.78 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Raw material production | 589.04 | 1442.55 | 1346.38 | 877.55 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Water supply | −3137.55 | 745.32 | 745.32 | 13,079.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Regulating services | Gas regulation | 2139.78 | 4752.40 | 4736.37 | 3209.67 | 0.00 | 48.08 |
Climate regulation | 1117.98 | 14,233.16 | 12,526.14 | 7080.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Purification of the environment | 324.57 | 4167.37 | 4135.31 | 10,999.44 | 0.00 | 240.42 | |
Hydrology | 3594.35 | 9296.43 | 9184.23 | 152,032.71 | 0.00 | 72.13 | |
Supporting services | Soil conservation | 1250.21 | 5794.24 | 5770.20 | 3894.88 | 0.00 | 48.08 |
Maintaining nutrient cycles | 372.66 | 440.78 | 432.76 | 300.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Biodiversity | 408.72 | 5273.32 | 5241.26 | 12,526.14 | 0.00 | 48.08 | |
Cultural services | Aesthetic landscape | 180.32 | 2316.09 | 2308.08 | 7958.07 | 0.00 | 24.04 |
ESV | Nanchang | Jingdezhen | Jiujiang | Yingtan | Fuzhou | Shangrao | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 | Provisioning services | 22.1167 | 12.0457 | 66.9917 | 7.6132 | 43.2684 | 65.9736 |
Regulating services | 271.1167 | 145.0660 | 786.6882 | 93.6892 | 523.2290 | 784.4114 | |
Support services | 42.2740 | 46.9354 | 174.0207 | 28.8698 | 168.3624 | 205.5660 | |
Cultural services | 12.9465 | 9.5581 | 44.3364 | 5.9288 | 34.2925 | 47.1196 | |
2010 | Provisioning services | 21.4149 | 11.9984 | 68.5532 | 7.5867 | 43.4159 | 65.6020 |
Regulating services | 263.5089 | 803.8165 | 803.8165 | 93.3243 | 524.8049 | 780.3705 | |
Support services | 41.3243 | 28.6038 | 175.2411 | 28.6038 | 167.9769 | 204.3301 | |
Cultural services | 12.5662 | 34.3153 | 45.0963 | 5.8932 | 34.3153 | 46.8493 | |
2015 | Provisioning services | 21.4118 | 11.9696 | 68.5645 | 7.5394 | 43.3637 | 65.4673 |
Regulating services | 263.1805 | 144.2731 | 803.4206 | 92.7221 | 524.0308 | 778.6550 | |
Support services | 41.1230 | 46.4811 | 174.7965 | 28.4072 | 167.6864 | 203.8037 | |
Cultural services | 12.5476 | 9.4877 | 45.0614 | 5.8552 | 34.2669 | 46.7436 | |
2020 | Provisioning services | 21.4946 | 11.9126 | 68.4847 | 7.5083 | 43.2818 | 65.3029 |
Regulating services | 263.5514 | 143.4800 | 801.9979 | 92.2261 | 522.7648 | 776.4433 | |
Support services | 40.8155 | 46.1822 | 174.2684 | 28.1918 | 167.2288 | 202.9100 | |
Cultural services | 12.5556 | 9.4341 | 44.9796 | 5.8217 | 34.1855 | 46.5889 |
OLS | Administrative Scale | Watershed Scale | Grid Scale |
---|---|---|---|
CER | −0.080 ** | −0.165 ** | −0.153 ** |
(−3.68) | (−4.69) | (−5.69) | |
POPDV | −0.258 ** | −1.326 ** | −1.643 ** |
(−2.62) | (−5.46) | (−10.98) | |
GDPDV | −0.072 | 0.019 | −0.065 |
(−1.50) | −0.230 | (−1.17) | |
C1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
−1.570 | −1.280 | −0.910 | |
C2 | 0.001 ** | 0.000 ** | 0.000 ** |
−12.150 | −3.280 | −10.970 | |
C3 | −0.000 ** | −0.000 ** | −0.000 ** |
(−5.25) | (−3.20) | (−5.48) | |
C4 | −0.001 | 0.008 ** | 0.009 ** |
(−0.57) | −2.200 | −3.500 | |
C5 | 0.034 ** | 0.060 ** | 0.013 ** |
−4.480 | −5.460 | −2.810 | |
Constant | 0.239 ** | 0.388 ** | 0.480 ** |
−6.620 | −5.190 | −9.160 | |
N | 875 | 545 | 1749 |
R2 | 0.374 | 0.314 | 0.280 |
Adj.R2 | 0.368 | 0.303 | 0.277 |
F | 64.620 | 28.490 | 87.810 |
MGWR | Administrative Scale | Watershed Scale | Grid Scale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CER | Min | −0.048 * | −0.069 * | −0.041 ** |
Median | −0.016 | −0.038 | −0.039 ** | |
Max | 0.019 | 0.025 ** | −0.039 ** | |
POPDV | Min | −0.638 ** | −0.537 ** | −0.674 ** |
Median | −0.053 | −0.144 | −0.104 | |
Max | 0.638 ** | 0.569 ** | 0.175 * | |
GDPDV | Min | −0.087 ** | −0.048 | −1.308 ** |
Median | −0.038 | −0.021 | −0.113 | |
Max | −0.021 | 0.101 ** | 0.877 ** | |
AIC | 670.381 | 486.36 | 746.067 | |
AICc | 787.808 | 535.027 | 1032.834 | |
R2 | 0.920 | 0.902 | 0.945 | |
Adj.R2 | 0.897 | 0.897 | 0.927 |
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Luo, Z.; Yang, X. Interrelationships between Urbanization and Ecosystem Services in the Urban Agglomeration around Poyang Lake and Its Zoning Management at an Integrated Multi-Scale. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125128
Luo Z, Yang X. Interrelationships between Urbanization and Ecosystem Services in the Urban Agglomeration around Poyang Lake and Its Zoning Management at an Integrated Multi-Scale. Sustainability. 2024; 16(12):5128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125128
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Zhijun, and Xiaofang Yang. 2024. "Interrelationships between Urbanization and Ecosystem Services in the Urban Agglomeration around Poyang Lake and Its Zoning Management at an Integrated Multi-Scale" Sustainability 16, no. 12: 5128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125128