Cross-Cultural Behaviors: A Comparative Analysis of Driving Behaviors in Pakistan and China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Research Objectives
- (1)
- To identify differences between the driving behavior of Chinese and Pakistani drivers in terms of dangerous, aberrant, and positive driving behaviors.
- (2)
- To look into the relationship between drivers’ self-reported involvement in accidents and differences in their driving behaviors.
4. Study Area
4.1. China–Pakistan Comparison of Traffic and Law Enforcement Indicators
4.2. China–Pakistan Cultural Dimension Comparison
4.3. China–Pakistan National Traffic Safety Laws and Traffic Accidents Comparison
4.3.1. Pakistan
4.3.2. China
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Participants
5.2. Materials
5.3. Data Analysis
6. Results
6.1. Factor Structure and Reliability Analysis of Pakistani Driver Behavior Data
6.2. Factor Structure and Reliability Analysis of Chinese Driver Behavior Data
6.3. Pearson’s Bivariate Correlation Analysis
6.4. Predictors of Dangerous Driving Behaviors
6.5. GLM Model One: Determinants of Pakistani Drivers’ Risky Behaviors While Driving
6.6. GLM Model Two: Determinants of Pakistani Drivers’ Aggressive Behaviors While Driving
6.7. GLM Model Three: Determinants of Pakistani Drivers’ Negative Emotional Driving
6.8. GLM Model Four: Determinants of Risky Driving Behaviors of Chinese Drivers
6.9. GLM Model Five: Determinants of Aggressive Driving Behaviors of Chinese Drivers
6.10. GLM Model Six: Determinants of Chinese Drivers’ Negative Emotional Behaviors While Driving
6.11. Comparison of Aberrant and Positive Driving Behaviors
6.12. Predictors of Traffic Accidents Using Sociodemographics and Dangerous, Aberrant, and Positive Driving Behaviors
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
9. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | China | Pakistan | |
---|---|---|---|
Income Group | Middle | Middle | |
Roads and Mobility | Design standards for pedestrians/cyclists | Yes | Partial |
Policies and investments in urban public transport | Yes | Yes | |
Registered Vehicles | Total vehicles registered as of 2022 | 417 million | 30.75 million |
Road Traffic Fatalities | Reported road traffic fatalities as of 2015 | a 58,022 (Male 94% Female 6%) | b 4448 |
WHO estimated road traffic fatalities (2016) | 256,180 | 27,582 | |
WHO estimated fatality rate per 100,000 population (2016) | 18.2 | 14.3 | |
Law Enforcement Index | Speed limit law | Yes (8) | Yes (4) |
Seat belt law | Yes (7) | Yes (6) | |
Helmet usage law | Yes (6) | Yes (3) | |
Child restraint law | No | No | |
Drunk driving law | Yes (9) | Yes (4) | |
Road Network | Length of highways as of 2021 (10,000 km) | 528.07 | 49.3089 |
Length of expressways as of 2021 (10,000 km) | 16.91 | 0.28 |
Variable | Category | Pakistan Sample (N: 623) | Chinese Sample (N: 630) |
---|---|---|---|
(%Age) | (%Age) | ||
Sex | Men | 81.2 | 63.2 |
Women | 18.8 | 36.8 | |
Age group | 18–24 years | 37.9 | 3.2 |
25–34 years | 20.9 | 62.1 | |
35–44 years | 17.2 | 27.0 | |
45–54 years | 12.5 | 6.8 | |
55–64 years | 9.6 | 0.8 | |
>65 years | 2 | 0.2 | |
Driving experience | <1 year | 13.1 | 2.5 |
1–5 years | 35.7 | 34.8 | |
5–10 years | 26.0 | 44.3 | |
11–15 years | 12.2 | 14.0 | |
16–20 years | 6.0 | 3.5 | |
>20 years | 7.1 | 1.0 | |
Driving license | Yes | 71.7 | 100 |
No | 28.3 | - | |
Motorbike riding expertise | No experience | 23.9 | 17.6 |
1–4 years | 30.7 | 31.2 | |
5–8 years | 20.7 | 18.8 | |
9–12 years | 9.3 | 10 | |
13–16 years | 8.8 | 9.2 | |
17–20 years | 4.7 | 9.6 | |
>20 years | 2.6 | 3.6 | |
Accidents in last 3 years | Yes | 55.5 | 47.8 |
No | 44.5 | 52.2 |
Principal Component Analysis of Pakistani DBQ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Description | Factors | ||
Errors | Violation | Mistakes | ||
Item 1 | Attempt to drive away from traffic lights in third gear. | 0.580 | ||
Item 3 | Intend to switch on the windscreen wipers, but switch on the lights instead or vice versa. | 0.635 | ||
Item 4 | Try to overtake without first checking your mirror and then get hooted at by the car behind, which has already begun its overtaking maneuver. | 0.456 | ||
Item 8 | Fail to read the signs correctly, and exit from a roundabout on the wrong road. | 0.612 | ||
Item 2 | Become impatient with a slow driver in the outer lane and overtake on the inside. | 0.697 | ||
Item 5 | Deliberately disregard the speed limits late at night or very early in the morning. | 0.722 | ||
Item 12 | Disregard red lights when driving late at night along empty road. | 0.670 | ||
Item 24 | Fail to fasten seat belt while driving. | 0.466 | ||
Item 14 | Turn left on to a main road into the path of an oncoming vehicle that you hadn’t seen, or whose speed you had misjudged. | 0.649 | ||
Item 16 | Hit something when reversing that you had not previously seen. | 0.587 | ||
Item 17 | Get into the wrong lane at a roundabout or approaching a road junction. | 0.428 | ||
Item 18 | Misjudge your crossing interval when turning right and narrowly miss collision. | 0.485 | ||
Item 19 | Ignore continuous white lines while changing lane/overtaking. | 0.565 |
Principal Component Analysis of Chinese DDDI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Description | Factors | ||
Aggressive Driving | Negative Emotions | Risky Driving | ||
DDDB2AD | I make rude gestures (e.g., giving “the finger”, yelling curse words). | 0.793 | ||
DDDB3AD | I verbally insult drivers who annoy me. | 0.638 | ||
DDDB4AD | I deliberately use my car/truck to block drivers who tailgate me. | 0.541 | ||
DDDB5AD | I would tailgate a driver who annoys me. | 0.640 | ||
DDDB6AD | When someone cuts me off, I feel I should punish him/her. | 0.539 | ||
DDDB11NE | Being struck in a traffic bottleneck aggravates me. | 0.843 | ||
DDDB12NE | I get frustrated and/or angry when I drive and get behind schedule. | 0.839 | ||
DDDB15NE | If I have to encounter another motorist, I think I could snap. | 0.809 | ||
DDDB16NE | I get irritated when a car/truck in front of me slows down for no reason. | 0.752 | ||
DDDB21RD | I will drive if I am only mildly intoxicated or buzzed. | 0.788 | ||
DDDB26RD | I will drive when I am drunk. | 0.751 | ||
DDDB28RD | I feel that most traffic “laws” could be considered as suggestions. | 0.453 | ||
DDDB27RD | I consider myself to be a risk-taker. | 0.349 | ||
DDDB22RD | I will cross double-yellow lines to see if I can pass a slow-moving car/truck. | 0.413 |
Chinese Drive Behavior Data Correlation Analysis | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
Aggressive Driving | - | ||||||||||||
Negative Emotions | 0.285 ** | - | |||||||||||
Risky Driving | 0.640 ** | 0.324 ** | - | ||||||||||
Errors | 0.609 ** | 0.156 ** | 0.463 ** | - | |||||||||
Violations | 0.649 ** | 0.248 ** | 0.648 ** | 0.582 ** | - | ||||||||
Mistakes | 0.504 ** | 0.324 ** | 0.392 ** | 0.516 ** | 0.442 ** | - | |||||||
PDBS | −0.665 ** | −0.352 ** | −0.577 ** | −0.592 ** | −0.662 ** | −0.564 ** | - | ||||||
Accidents | 0.714 ** | 0.323 ** | 0.656 ** | 0.633 ** | 0.738 ** | 0.605 ** | −0.777 ** | - | |||||
Age | −0.436 ** | −0.200 ** | −0.228 ** | −0.308 ** | −0.269 ** | −0.295 ** | 0.306 ** | −0.315 ** | - | ||||
Gender | 0.024 * | 0.046 | 0.032 * | 0.016 * | 0.016 * | 0.051 | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.031 | - | |||
Driving Experience | −0.395 ** | −0.180 ** | −0.281 ** | −0.274 ** | −0.333 ** | −0.293 ** | 0.357 ** | −0.360 ** | 0.695 ** | −0.067 | - | ||
Motorcycle Experience | 0.304 ** | 0.453 * | 0.508 ** | 0.326 ** | 0.296 * | 0.317 * | −0.459 ** | 0.656 ** | 0.183 * | −0.094 * | 0.194 ** | - | |
Driving Training | −0.175 ** | −0.108 * | −0.177 ** | −0.166 ** | −0.184 ** | −0.200 ** | 0.207 ** | −0.253 ** | 0.104 * | 0.024 | 0.112 ** | 0.008 | - |
Pakistani Driver Behavior Data Correlation Analysis | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
Aggressive Driving | - | ||||||||||||
Risky Driving | 0.480 ** | - | |||||||||||
Negative Emotions | 0.496 ** | 0.630 ** | - | ||||||||||
Errors | 0.153 ** | 0.204 ** | 0.254 ** | - | |||||||||
Violations | 0.259 ** | 0.395 ** | 0.395 ** | 0.416 ** | - | ||||||||
Mistakes | 0.140 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.446 ** | 0.397 ** | - | |||||||
PDBS | −0.339 ** | −0.334 ** | −0.318 ** | −0.300 ** | −0.375 ** | −0.298 ** | - | ||||||
Accidents | 0.151 ** | 0.119 ** | 0.142 ** | 0.102 * | 0.312 ** | 0.262 * | −0.343 ** | - | |||||
Age | −0.278 ** | −0.365 ** | −0.338 ** | −0.288 ** | −0.348 ** | −0.201 ** | 0.380 ** | 0.071 | - | ||||
Driving Experience | −0.093 ** | −0.04 | −0.153 ** | −0.050 ** | −0.013 ** | −0.040 ** | 0.029 ** | −0.006 | 0.477 ** | - | |||
Motorcycle Experience | 0.184 ** | 0.165 ** | 0.154 ** | 0.085 * | 0.091 * | 0.093 * | 0.160 ** | 0.463 ** | 0.134 ** | 0.035 ** | - | ||
Seat Belt Usage | −0.058 ** | −0.111 * | −0.091 * | 0.128 | −0.06 | 0.018 | 0.046 * | −0.086 * | −0.060 | 0.018 * | −0.059 | - | |
Driver Training | −0.178 ** | −0.165 ** | −0.138 ** | −0.188 ** | −0.148 ** | −0.101 ** | 0.280 ** | −0.051 * | 0.057 * | 0.043 ** | 0.012 | 0.028 * | - |
Variable | B | SE | Wald | p (Sig.) | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Risky Driving (RD) | Chi-squared: 86.385, p-value less than 0.01 | ||||||
Age (18–24) | 0.150 | 0.1594 | 3.366 | 0.038 | 1.161 | 0.850 | 1.587 |
Age (25–34) | 0.037 | 0.1601 | 2.053 | 0.017 | 1.038 | 0.758 | 1.420 |
Age (over 65) | 0 a | ||||||
Gender (male) | 0.056 | 0.0546 | 1.065 | 0.012 | 1.058 | 0.951 | 1.177 |
Gender (female) | 0 a | ||||||
Experience (<1 year) | 0.053 | 0.1287 | 0.172 | 0.009 | 1.055 | 0.820 | 1.358 |
Experience (1–5 years) | 0.151 | 0.0911 | 2.762 | 0.007 | 1.163 | 0.973 | 1.391 |
Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Driving Training (from traffic police driving school) | −0.398 | 0.1303 | 9.315 | 0.002 | 0.672 | 0.520 | 0.867 |
Driving Training (from a private driving school) | −0.229 | 0.1099 | 4.349 | 0.037 | 0.795 | 0.641 | 0.986 |
Driving Training (from a friend) | −0.292 | 0.1103 | 7.023 | 0.008 | 0.747 | 0.601 | 0.927 |
Driving Training (from a relative/family member) | −0.242 | 0.1015 | 5.308 | 0.021 | 0.785 | 0.639 | 0.965 |
Driving Training (none) | 0 a | ||||||
Seat Belt (yes) | −0.093 | 0.0504 | 3.378 | 0.046 | 0.911 | 0.826 | 1.006 |
Seat Belt (no) | 0 a | ||||||
Motorbike Experience (none) | −0.395 | 0.1058 | 13.965 | 0.000 | 0.673 | 0.547 | 0.829 |
Motorbike Experience (1–4 years) | −0.371 | 0.1048 | 12.520 | 0.000 | 0.690 | 0.562 | 0.848 |
Motorbike Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Driving License (yes) | −0.101 | 0.0483 | 4.416 | 0.036 | 0.904 | 0.822 | 0.993 |
Driving License (No) | 0 a |
Variable | B | SE | Wald | p (Sig.) | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Aggressive Driving (AD) | Chi-squared: 57.153, p-value less than 0.01 | ||||||
Age (18–24) | 0.426 | 0.1540 | 7.636 | 0.006 | 1.530 | 1.132 | 2.070 |
Age (25–34) | 0.360 | 0.1549 | 5.414 | 0.020 | 1.434 | 1.058 | 1.942 |
Age (35–44) | 0.413 | 0.1519 | 7.372 | 0.007 | 1.511 | 1.122 | 2.035 |
Age (over 65) | 0 a | ||||||
Gender (Male) | 0.141 | 0.0528 | 7.156 | 0.007 | 1.152 | 1.038 | 1.277 |
Gender (Female) | 0 a | ||||||
Driving Training (from traffic police driving school) | −0.242 | 0.1012 | 5.720 | 0.017 | 0.785 | 0.644 | 0.957 |
Driving Training (none) | 0 a | ||||||
Seat Belt (yes) | −0.086 | 0.0487 | 3.155 | 0.044 | 0.917 | 0.834 | 0.1.009 |
Seat Belt (no) | 0 a | ||||||
Driving Experience (<1 year) | 0.217 | 0.1221 | 3.158 | 0.046 | 1.340 | 0.975 | 1.226 |
Driving Experience (1–5 year) | 0.122 | 0.0868 | 1.988 | 0.039 | 1.130 | 0.953 | 1.340 |
Driving Experience (>20 year) | 0 a | ||||||
Motorbike Experience (none) | −0.473 | 0.0900 | 27.585 | 0.000 | 0.623 | 0.523 | 0.744 |
Motorbike Experience (1–4 years) | −0.449 | 0.0890 | 25.441 | 0.000 | 0.638 | 0.536 | 0.760 |
Motorbike Experience (5–8 years) | −0.255 | 0.0912 | 7.784 | 0.005 | 0.775 | 0.648 | 0.927 |
Motorbike Experience (9–12 years) | 0.261 | 0.0969 | 7.268 | 0.007 | 1.298 | 1.074 | 1.570 |
Motorbike Experience (13–16 years) | 0.286 | 0.0970 | 8.718 | 0.003 | 1.332 | 1.101 | 1.611 |
Motorbike Experience (17–20 years) | 0.288 | 0.1058 | 7.393 | 0.007 | 1.333 | 1.084 | 1.641 |
Motorbike Experience (>20 years) | 0 a |
Variable | B | SE | Wald | p (Sig.) | OR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Negative Emotion (NE) | Chi-squared: 56.068, p-value less than 0.01 | ||||||
Age (18–24) | 0.103 | 0.1194 | 4.750 | 0.027 | 1.202 | 1.014 | 1.240 |
Age (25–34) | 0.160 | 0.1209 | 5.746 | 0.046 | 1.278 | 1.273 | 1.380 |
Age (55–64) | −0.123 | 0.1209 | 1.029 | 0.030 | 0.885 | 0.698 | 1.121 |
Age (>65) | 0 a | ||||||
Gender | Not Significant | ||||||
Education | Not Significant | ||||||
Experience (16–20 years) | −0.165 | 0.0772 | 4.594 | 0.032 | 0.880 | 0.941 | 1.372 |
Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Motorbike Experience (9–12 years) | 0.270 | 0.1188 | 5.163 | 0.023 | 1.310 | 1.038 | 1.653 |
Motorbike Experience (17–20 years) | 0.314 | 0.1307 | 5.777 | 0.016 | 1.369 | 1.060 | 1.769 |
Motorbike Experience (>20 years) | 0 a |
Parameter | B | Std. Error | Wald Chi-Squared | p (Sig.) | Exp (B) | 95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Risky driving CN | Chi-squared: 69.476, p-value less than 0.01 | ||||||
Age (18–24 years) | 0.155 | 0.2650 | 0.344 | 0.047 | 1.168 | 0.695 | 1.964 |
Age (25–34 years) | 0.070 | 0.2584 | 0.074 | 0.036 | 1.073 | 0.646 | 1.780 |
Age (35–44 years) | 0.134 | 0.2565 | 0.273 | 0.016 | 1.143 | 0.692 | 1.890 |
Age (45–54 years) | −0.109 | 0.2508 | 0.190 | 0.046 | 0.897 | 0.548 | 1.466 |
Age (55–64 years) | −0.105 | 0.2480 | 0.178 | 0.043 | 0.710 | 0.683 | 1.805 |
Age (>65 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Gender (male) | 0.046 | 0.0383 | 1.449 | 0.029 | 1.047 | 0.971 | 1.129 |
Gender (female) | 0 a | ||||||
Experience (<1 year) | 0.254 | 0.2132 | 1.421 | 0.033 | 1.289 | 0.849 | 1.958 |
Experience (1–5 years) | 0.199 | 0.2040 | 0.956 | 0.028 | 1.221 | 0.818 | 1.821 |
Experience (6–10 years) | 0.144 | 0.2024 | 0.507 | 0.048 | 1.155 | 0.777 | 1.717 |
Experience (16–20 years) | −0.302 | 0.2034 | 2.205 | 0.014 | 0.739 | 0.496 | 1.101 |
Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Motorbike Experience (none) | −0.056 | 0.1283 | 0.188 | 0.044 | 0.946 | 0.735 | 1.216 |
Motorbike Experience (1–4 years) | 0.086 | 0.1076 | 0.635 | 0.026 | 1.292 | 1.074 | 1.533 |
Motorbike Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Driving Training (traffic police school) | −0.927 | 0.3070 | 9.116 | 0.003 | 0.739 | 0.843 | 1.384 |
Driving Training (private driving school) | −0.836 | 0.3065 | 7.442 | 0.006 | 0.833 | 0.756 | 1.151 |
Driving Training (relative/family member) | 0 a |
Parameter | B | Std. Error | Wald Chi-Squared | p (Sig.) | Exp (B) | 95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Aggressive driving CN | Chi-squared 190.715 p < 0.00 | ||||||
Age (18–24 years) | 0.896 | 0.2897 | 9.559 | 0.002 | 2.449 | 1.388 | 4.320 |
Age (25–34 years) | 0.759 | 0.2826 | 7.214 | 0.007 | 2.136 | 1.228 | 3.717 |
Age (35–44 years) | 0.721 | 0.2811 | 6.581 | 0.010 | 2.057 | 1.185 | 3.568 |
Age (>65 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Experience (<1 year) | 0.065 | 0.2323 | 0.078 | 0.042 | 1.067 | 0.677 | 1.683 |
Experience (1–5 years) | 0.088 | 0.2225 | 0.156 | 0.032 | 1.016 | 0.592 | 1.417 |
Experience (6–10 years) | −0.173 | 0.2209 | 0.611 | 0.434 | 0.841 | 0.546 | 1.297 |
Experience (16–20 years) | −0.124 | 0.2200 | 0.320 | 0.047 | 0.883 | 0.574 | 1.359 |
Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Education | −0.023 | 0.2500 | 0.008 | 0.927 | 0.977 | 0.599 | 1.595 |
Motorbike Experience (none) | −0.056 | 0.1372 | 0.168 | 0.048 | 0.945 | 0.722 | 1.237 |
Motorbike Experience (1–4 years) | 0.050 | 0.1136 | 0.196 | 0.036 | 1.052 | 0.842 | 1.314 |
Motorbike Experience (5–8 years) | 0.015 | 0.1137 | 0.017 | 0.040 | 1.015 | 0.812 | 1.268 |
Motorbike Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Driving Training (traffic police driving school) | −0.116 | 0.3321 | 0.121 | 0.028 | 0.723 | 0.585 | 2.152 |
Driving Training (private driving school) | −0.020 | 0.3314 | 0.004 | 0.043 | 0.783 | 0.533 | 1.953 |
Driving Training (relative/family member) | 0 a |
Parameter | B | Std. Error | Wald Chi-Squared | p (Sig.) | Exp (B) | 95% Wald Confidence Interval for Exp (B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Negative Emotion CN | Chi-squared: 46.174, p-value less than 0.01 | ||||||
Age (18–24 years) | 0.486 | 0.2145 | 5.132 | 0.023 | 1.626 | 1.068 | 2.475 |
Age (25–34 years) | 0.506 | 0.2091 | 5.857 | 0.016 | 1.659 | 1.101 | 2.499 |
Age (35–44 years) | 0.477 | 0.2076 | 5.268 | 0.022 | 1.611 | 1.072 | 2.419 |
Age (55–64 years) | 0.477 | 0.1937 | 6.067 | 0.014 | 1.612 | 1.102 | 2.356 |
Age (>65 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Experience (<1 year) | 0.036 | 0.1726 | 0.043 | 0.036 | 1.165 | 0.688 | 1.353 |
Experience (11–15 years) | −0.040 | 0.1600 | 0.062 | 0.040 | 0.961 | 0.702 | 1.315 |
Experience (16–20 years) | −0.117 | 0.1611 | 0.528 | 0.037 | 0.890 | 0.649 | 1.220 |
Experience (>20 years) | 0 a | ||||||
Motorbike Experience (13–16 years) | 0.085 | 0.0942 | 0.807 | 0.037 | 1.088 | 0.905 | 1.309 |
Motorbike Experience (17–20 years) | 0.041 | 0.1179 | 0.122 | 0.027 | 1.060 | 0.762 | 1.209 |
Motorbike Experience (>20 years) | 0 a |
Item | Description | Mean Score China | Mean Score Pakistan |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Try using third gear to escape traffic lights. | 2.13 | 2.12 |
4 | Try to overtake without first checking your mirror and then get hooted at by the car behind, which has already begun its overtaking maneuver. | 1.26 | 2.19 |
7 | Overtake a slow-moving vehicle on the inside lane or hard shoulder of a motorway. | 1.58 | 2.51 |
12 | Disregard red lights when driving late at night along an empty road. | 1.16 | 2.88 |
15 | Take a chance and cross on lights that have turned red. | 1.15 | 2.27 |
20 | Use your status profile or personal connections to get rid of fines, penalties. | 2.2 | 2.2 |
23 | Disregard the speed limit in residential areas. | 1.15 | 3.04 |
25 | Get distracted when you use a mobile phone while driving. | 1.09 | 2.64 |
14 | Turn left onto a main road into the path of an oncoming vehicle that you hadn’t seen, or whose speed you had misjudged. | 1.88 | 2.31 |
16 | When turning around, strike anything you hadn’t seen before. | 1.67 | 2.18 |
17 | Get into the wrong lane at a roundabout or approaching a road junction. | 1.96 | 2.14 |
18 | Misjudge your crossing interval when turning right and narrowly miss a collision. | 2.13 | 2.22 |
Item | Description | Mean Score Chinese | Mean Score Pakistani |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Steer clear of closely following to avoid upsetting the driver of the vehicle ahead. | 4.52 | 3.62 |
2 | Use high beams less often to aid incoming motorists. | 5.04 | 3.91 |
3 | Parking cars by taking into other road users’ free movement. | 4.63 | 3.94 |
4 | Pay attention to puddles not to splash water on pedestrians or other road users. | 5.22 | 4.42 |
5 | Adjust my speed to assist the vehicle attempting to pass me. | 4.6 | 4.17 |
6 | Not blowing a horn to reduce noise. | 4.96 | 3.84 |
7 | To avoid obstructing the oncoming car, go back to where you were. | 4.66 | 4.3 |
8 | To improve the speed of traffic flow, stay out of the left lane. | 4.79 | 4.25 |
9 | Even though it’s legal for me to pass, let people cross. | 5.1 | 4.35 |
10 | I gave the driver a wave of gratitude for his assistance. | 4.39 | 4.57 |
11 | I’ll try my best to stay out of the way of other drivers. | 4.82 | 4.58 |
12 | Despite hitting the green light, don’t bother the motorist ahead of you by honking horn. | 4.8 | 3.96 |
13 | Let other drivers use my right of way. | 4.61 | 4.08 |
Variables | B | S.E. | Wald | Sig. | Exp (B) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accidents (criterion) | 0.190 | 0.080 | 5.571 | 0.018 | 1.209 |
Aggressive Driving Pak | 0.473 | 0.141 | 11.282 | 0.001 | 1.604 |
Risky Driving Pak | 0.690 | 0.171 | 16.247 | 0.000 | 1.994 |
Negative Emotions Pak | Insignificant | ||||
Errors | 0.475 | 0.237 | 4.017 | 0.045 | 1.608 |
Violations | 0.460 | 0.242 | 3.629 | 0.037 | 1.584 |
Mistakes | Insignificant | ||||
PDBS | −0.730 | 0.090 | 65.151 | 0.000 | 0.482 |
Variables | B | S.E. | Wald | Sig. | Exp (B) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accidents (criterion) | 0.190 | 0.080 | 5.571 | 0.018 | 1.209 |
Aggressive Driving Pak | 0.558 | 0.157 | 12.645 | 0.000 | 1.748 |
Risky Driving Pak | 0.635 | 0.233 | 7.426 | 0.006 | 1.887 |
Negative Emotions Pak | Insignificant | ||||
Errors | 0.491 | 0.237 | 4.299 | 0.038 | 1.634 |
Violations | 0.509 | 0.244 | 4.364 | 0.037 | 1.664 |
Mistakes | Insignificant | ||||
PDBS | −0.596 | 0.232 | 6.614 | 0.010 | 0.551 |
Age | −0.059 | 0.399 | 2.022 | 0.038 | 0.943 |
Gender | Insignificant | ||||
Experience | −0.276 | 0.079 | 12.191 | 0.000 | 0.759 |
Motorcycle Experience | 0.553 | 0.087 | 40.746 | 0.000 | 1.738 |
Seat Belt Use | Insignificant | ||||
Driving Training | Insignificant |
Parameter | B | S.E. | Wald | Sig. | Exp (B) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accidents (criterion) | 0.208 | 0.087 | 5.786 | 0.016 | 1.231 |
Aggressive Driving CHN | 0.371 | 0.148 | 6.266 | 0.012 | 1.449 |
Risky Driving CHN | 0.435 | 0.183 | 5.646 | 0.017 | 1.546 |
Negative Emotions CHN | Not Significant | ||||
Errors | 0.482 | 0.156 | 9.493 | 0.002 | 1.619 |
Violations | 0.685 | 0.149 | 21.182 | 0.000 | 1.984 |
Mistakes | Not Significant | ||||
PDBS | −0.789 | 0.145 | 29.781 | 0.000 | 0.454 |
Variables | B | S.E. | Wald | Sig. | Exp (B) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accidents (criterion) | 0.208 | 0.087 | 5.786 | 0.016 | 1.231 |
Aggressive Driving CHN | 0.398 | 0.156 | 6.541 | 0.011 | 1.489 |
Risky Driving CHN | 0.423 | 0.188 | 5.070 | 0.024 | 1.526 |
Negative Emotions CHN | Not Significant | ||||
Errors | 0.466 | 0.159 | 8.539 | 0.003 | 1.593 |
Violations | 0.672 | 0.154 | 19.133 | 0.000 | 1.958 |
Mistakes | Not Significant | ||||
PDBS | −0.786 | 0.146 | 29.059 | 0.000 | 0.456 |
Age | Not Significant | ||||
Experience | −0.308 | 0.285 | 1.172 | 0.018 | 0.735 |
Motorcycle Experience | Not Significant | ||||
Gender | Not Significant | ||||
Seat Belt Use | Not significant | ||||
Driving Training | −0.835 | .409 | 4.159 | 0.041 | 0.434 |
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Yousaf, A.; Wu, J. Cross-Cultural Behaviors: A Comparative Analysis of Driving Behaviors in Pakistan and China. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125225
Yousaf A, Wu J. Cross-Cultural Behaviors: A Comparative Analysis of Driving Behaviors in Pakistan and China. Sustainability. 2024; 16(12):5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125225
Chicago/Turabian StyleYousaf, Adnan, and Jianping Wu. 2024. "Cross-Cultural Behaviors: A Comparative Analysis of Driving Behaviors in Pakistan and China" Sustainability 16, no. 12: 5225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125225