A Simplified Framework to Integrate Databases with Building Information Modeling for Building Energy Assessment in Multi-Climate Zones

Abstract

BIM models are seldom used for the energy certification of buildings. This paper discusses the advantages of linking two important fields: building information modeling (BIM) and building environmental assessment methods (BEAM), presented as a rating system and a proposal for the Chilean context. The state of the art in both fields around the world is discussed, with an in-depth examination of current BIM software and related applications, followed by a discussion about previous research on integrating them. A lack of interoperability and data losses between BIM and BEM were found. A new tool is presented that addresses these challenges to ensure accurate rating system data, and this new framework is based on database exchange and takes crucial information from BIM to BEAM platforms. The development of the method includes BIM programming (API), database links, and spreadsheets for a Chilean building energy certification through a new tool, also applicable to multiclimactic zones. This new semi-automatic tool allows architects to model their design in a BIM platform and use this information as input for the energy certification process. The potential and risks of this method are discussed. Several improvements and enhancements of the energy certification process were found when incorporating this new framework in comparison to current methodologies.

1. Introduction

Building environmental assessment methods, or BEAM [1], such as LEED (US), BREEAM (UK), DGNB (Germany), and CES (Chile) are used to certify various energy factors. All of them require a large amount of complex building data to complete all the required documents and forms. On the other hand, building information modeling (BIM) technologies support the whole building lifecycle and have plenty of rich geometries and data, which have great potential to provide strong support for the energy analysis and assessment of buildings, even more so for design teams in the early stages. In this sense, this research focuses on the automated exchange of information between BIM, BEAM, and building performance simulation (BPS) environments, to improve building efficiency. This approach is taken because, with the increasing emphasis on sustainable construction, driven by factors such as rising energy costs, the impact of CO₂ on the planet, public and government initiatives, and the arrival of new technologies, there is a pressing need to improve construction performance.

Based on this discussion, the existing deficiencies in current software and normative frameworks pose significant challenges to the successful integration of databases with building information modeling (BIM) for building energy assessment, especially in the Chilean context with its diverse multi-climate zones. There is a significant deficit in the complexity and lack of standardization among the available certification systems, such as LEED, BREEAM, and CES, which demand intricate data and documentation. Additionally, the absence of automated tools for the development of manufacturer-certified databases, as highlighted by [2], further impedes the efficiency of green building assessments. Moreover, the lack of standardized export tools, as identified by [3], introduces inconsistencies and requires manual interventions when exporting BIM data to open interoperability formats, hindering the potential for a streamlined information exchange. These deficiencies highlight the need for a more cohesive and automated approach, emphasizing the need for a simplified framework and plugin-based solutions to bridge the gaps between databases, BIM, and certification systems, ultimately enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of building energy assessments, especially in the Chilean context or multi-climate zones.

Moreover, another objective of this research was to identify areas where BIM technology can improve building efficiency, particularly in the context of energy certification and assessment. Thus, it explores how BIM can bridge the gap between existing certification systems and BPS software to streamline the energy certification process. Furthermore, this study aimed to develop a novel framework that integrates databases with BIM for building energy assessment, particularly in multi-climate zones like Chile. This framework will facilitate the processing and interchange of information, making the energy certification process more efficient and promoting sustainable architectural practices. In the following sections, a brief literature review is discussed to provide context and support for the proposed research objectives and framework based on the studies [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].

This research proposes a new framework for integrating databases with building information modeling (BIM), for building energy assessment in the Chilean context, particularly in multi-climate zones. The global situation of BIM implementation for the energy sector is described to introduce the current building energy assessment methods and the frameworks available to address them. Furthermore, a revision of the available BPS software, including its scope and limitations, is presented to detail the need for new tools and technology integrations. From this, the proposed framework is presented and discussed conceptually, to develop a new BIM implementation tool. The advantages of this tool are explained using case studies that compare current and traditional methods. Finally, recommendations and conclusions are presented to facilitate the dissemination and implementation of the new tool in an applied environmental assessment field.

2. How Certifications Reduce Critical Environmental Impacts in Chile

Since the dawn of the new millennium, Chile has made significant progress in implementing regulations focused on thermal zoning and energy efficiency, with the primary goal of improving thermal comfort within homes and buildings. With the establishment of regulations in 2007, minimum thermal insulation requirements for walls, ceilings, ventilated floors, and windows were set, based on the detailed thermal zoning map in Article 4.1.10 of the General Ordinance of Urbanism and Construction (OGUC). This regulatory framework marked a before and after in construction, aligning with international best practices in energy efficiency. The enactment of the first Atmospheric Decontamination Plan (PDA) in 2015, initially applicable to the municipalities of Temuco and Padre Las Casas, represented a significant advancement. This plan not only raised thermal insulation standards but also incorporated criteria related to humidity, infiltrations, and particulate matter (PM10) emissions from heating systems. This plan stood out as the first national public policy initiative integrating hygrothermal comfort considerations and particulate matter emission reductions, though its application was limited to certain areas in southern Chile.

Research conducted in homes has shown that thermal retrofit interventions significantly reduce energy demand and, consequently, PM10 emissions, improving the occupants’ living conditions. By optimizing building thermal envelopes (see Figure 1 and Figure 2), a notable decrease in the need for heating is observed, leading to lower pollutant emissions. However, achieving optimal comfort also requires addressing infiltrations and controlling indoor humidity. This regulatory progress, initiated in 2001, along with evidence of post-intervention energy efficiency improvements, highlights certifications’ capacity to mitigate critical environmental impacts. Implementing these measures not only contributes to reducing PM10 emissions but also significantly enhances hygrothermal comfort for users, demonstrating the potential of energy certifications as key tools in combating air pollution and promoting a more sustainable and healthier habitat.

Building on the discussion of how certifications reduce critical environmental impacts in Chile, it is essential to recognize the broader implications of such frameworks on environmental sustainability and public health. These certifications establish strict standards for energy efficiency and sustainable construction practices, and play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change impacts, reducing energy consumption, and enhancing the overall quality of the built environment:

Certifications like CES, LEED, Passivhaus, CEV, and CVS compel the construction industry to adopt greener practices, use sustainable materials, and prioritize energy efficiency, from the design phase to construction and operation. This reduces buildings’ carbon footprint and ensures that they contribute positively to the environment by minimizing waste, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and using resources more efficiently.

These certifications encourage the integration of renewable energy sources into building designs, such as solar panels and geothermal systems. Thus, this shift towards renewables decreases the reliance on fossil fuels and promotes energy independence and security.

By incorporating advanced technologies and innovative architectural designs, buildings can become net-zero energy consumers or even energy producers, further reducing the construction sector’s environmental impact.

The impact of these certifications extends beyond environmental benefits, to directly affect the health and well-being of the occupants. Likewise, by enforcing standards for indoor air quality, natural lighting, and thermal comfort, certifications ensure that buildings provide healthier living and working conditions (see Figure 3). This can lead to significant public health benefits, including reduced incidence of respiratory diseases, improved mental health, and overall higher quality of life. Additionally, these certifications drive economic benefits by reducing operating costs through energy savings, which can be significant over the lifespan of a building. The increased market value and attractiveness of certified buildings can also stimulate investment in sustainable construction, creating a positive feedback loop that encourages more developers to pursue certification. Furthermore, certification often involves rigorous assessment and documentation, fostering transparency and accountability in the construction industry. This has led to a broader cultural shift towards sustainability, as consumers become more aware of and demand environmentally friendly and energy-efficient buildings.

These certifications are particularly impactful within Chile’s specific environmental challenges and regulatory landscape. They address global concerns like climate change and local issues such as air pollution, energy scarcity, and seismic risks. By adapting international standards to the Chilean context, certifications ensure that sustainable building practices are relevant, effective, and capable of addressing the region’s unique needs. The critical environmental impact of certifications in Chile and beyond cannot be overstated. In this sense, by setting high standards for sustainability, energy efficiency, and occupant health, these frameworks are instrumental in guiding the construction industry toward a more sustainable and responsible future. As these certifications evolve and adapt to new technologies and environmental challenges, their role in mitigating the impacts of climate change and promoting a healthier, more sustainable built environment will only grow in importance. Furthermore, although in some case studies, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, this process has been implemented using BIM, there are some problems and more information is needed to achieve a complete certification process per the regulations and environmental challenges.

3. Current Situation of BIM

Overview of BIM Technologies

Several definitions have been established for BIM and its usability in the AEC industry. Mass adoption of BIM began in 2000, and in 2003 government implementation began as a standard for public buildings, such as the 3D-4D BIM Program at the GSA [35], the Government Construction Strategy in the UK [36], and Staatsbyg in Finland. Early stages of design are also fully supported [37]. BIM technologies are the current paradigm in practice for building and infrastructure [38,39,40,41].

As seen in

Table 1. Energy analysis tools including BIM software.

Valid from–to	Vendor	BIM Software	Energy Analysis Tools	Rating System
2016	Autodesk	Revit v2024	Insight 360	LEED v3 IEQc8.1/LEED v4 IEQ Daylight Credit, Option 2
2015–2020	Autodesk		Light Analysis Plug-in
--	c)	Archicad v25	EcoDesigner Star	ASHRAE 140-2007, ASHRAE 90.1-2007 (LEED Energy)
--	Bentley	AECOSim	AECOsim Energy Simulator	ASHRAE Standard 90.1 compliant and LEED certified.
--	Gehry Technologies	Digital Project V5	--	--
--	Nemetscheck	Allplan v2024	Software templates	Template can get SS Credit 5.1 (conceptual design)

, many of the current commercial BIM software packages include an energy analysis tool. For example, Autodesk Revit has the Light Analysis plug-in, as well as the Insight 360 plug-in (see Figure 4) that runs analysis for illuminance and validation of LEED v3 IEQc8.1 and LEED v4 IEQ Daylight Credit-Option 2 [42]. Graphisoft provides EcoDesigner Star for ASHRAE 140-2007 and ASHRAE 90.1-2007 (LEED Energy) analysis [43,44]. Meanwhile, the Bentley AECOsim Energy Simulator tool runs simulations that generate documentation and reports compliant with ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and LEED certified [45]. Finally, Allplan Nemetschek provides software templates to obtain LEED SS Credit 5.1 during conceptual design [46]. Thus, it is possible to conclude that BIM vendors have primarily focused on integration with LEED and ASHRAE, with most proposing working within their BIM environment. Nevertheless, ultimately there is no firm evidence of test cases or real projects or its use among energy consultants.

4. Current Situation in BEAM (Building Energy Assessments Methods) for Buildings

Building energy assessments methods (BEAM) are generally based on credits for each criterion and recognize different types of buildings, stages, and certification categories. However, not all are strongly connected to BIM or BPS software, since a lot of data must be manually updated from any simulation or 3D model. Usually, the efforts made in producing BIM models are wasted when energy consultants start assessing the building to obtain BEAM certification (LEED, Breeam, PassivHouse, DGNB) using traditional methods. Rating systems such as LEED (US), BREEAM (UK), DGNB (Germany), CES (Chile), and many others have stimulated the real estate market and governments by providing more confidence in the sustainability of buildings [47,48,49]. There have been several criticisms of LEED [50] and the other rating systems; nevertheless, this paper focuses on the advantages of using BIM during the rating process.

4.1. Steps in a Rating System

As seen in Figure 3, all schemes require the manual and physical interpretation of hundreds of drawings and documents, and manual typing into rating system spreadsheets or websites. Carrying out this process without BIM leads to design teams working with several disadvantages: spending a lot of time gathering information, risk of mistakes when interpreting drawings and text, risk of inconsistency between drawings and text, and information needing to be updated. The rating system spreadsheets are unique and singular; they vary from norm to norm, country to country, etc. Usually, a traditional consultant will fill the spreadsheet separately from BPS (building performance simulation) software and from BIM models.

Standard criteria include water, thermal enclosure, ventilation infiltration, sun exposure, and illumination, and all of them have the potential to be parameterized in BIM tools. Different software covers some unique features, i.e., PassivHouse requires thermal bridges and condensation. For the Chilean case analyzed in this research,

Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of BEAM.

BEAM	Advantages	Disadvantages	Source
Selected Green Buildings Certifications Systems
LEED	Clear, flexible credit structure. Strong integration. Global reach. Regional awareness. Prioritizes energy.	Limited assessment of institutional, economic, and societal perspectives. Lacks focus on life cycle cost, value, and climate resilience. Best for retail due to refrigerant management and visual comfort. Varies in indicator weighting and relevance. Limited LCA approach. Emphasizes environmental sustainability.	[51,52,53,54,55,56,57]
BREEAM	Sufficient environmental assessment. Considers life cycle cost, value, and climate resilience. Flexible credit structure. Global reach. Focuses on pollution and prioritizes energy.	Limited assessment of institutional, economic, and societal perspectives. Best for retail. Varies in indicator weighting and relevance. Limited LCA approach. Focuses on environmental sustainability.	[51,52,53,54,57]
DGNB	Sufficient environmental and economic assessment. Considers life cycle cost, value, and climate resilience. Global reach. Best for retail. Unique categories: ‘Sociocultural and Functional Quality’ and ‘Technical Quality’.	Limited assessment of societal and institutional perspectives. Flexible credit structure. Best for retail with varying indicator weighting and relevance.	[51,52,53,54,55,57]
CES	Adapted to Chilean Context and norms.	Not valid for the global standard. No connection with planning.	[54,58]
Energy seals
CEEUP	Adapted to Chilean Context and norms.	Not valid for the global standard. No connection with planning lobal standard.	[54,58]
CEV	Adapted to Chilean Context and norms	Not valid for the global standard. No connection with planning.	[54,58,59]

discusses the advantages and disadvantages of BEAM. It can be observed that several rating systems do not consider the Chilean context and norms (but CES, CEV, CEEUP).

4.1.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of BEAM/Rating Systems

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

Advantages: LEED is globally recognized and valued, potentially increasing certified projects’ market value and prestige. It offers various certification levels and is applicable across multiple building types and development stages. Disadvantages: Preparation for LEED certification can be expensive, including registration fees, documentation, and possibly design modifications. It requires air tightness tests and specific calculations to validate building conditions before operation. As a system initially developed for the U.S. context, some of its recommendations may only partially apply or be efficient in the Chilean context, especially regarding materials, climatic conditions, social aspects, and waste management (See Table 2).

Passivhaus Certification

Advantages: Extreme energy efficiency. Designed to fully minimize buildings’ energy consumption, leading to significant long-term savings and reduced environmental impact. It enhances indoor comfort through optimizing solar energy use, superior thermal insulation, thermal-bridge-free construction, and efficient ventilation. Disadvantages: It requires meticulous design and construction, which may increase initial costs and demand specialized knowledge from both the design and construction teams, in addition to specific materials to achieve the required comfort level. While adaptable to various climates, in extreme climate zones, meeting the standard can be particularly challenging and costly. Its design necessitates a specialized climate database or creating one for the specific climate zone (See Table 2).

Sustainable Building Certification (CES)

Advantages: Specifically adapted to the Chilean context: Developed with consideration for Chile’s unique climatic and regulatory nuances, ensuring its relevance and effectiveness locally. It is comprehensive, assessing multiple sustainability facets including energy, water, and materials, offering a holistic view of buildings’ environmental performance. It promotes sustainability and encourages designers and architects to integrate sustainable practices from the early design phases. Disadvantages: However, implementing the measures required for a high rating can be complex and costly, which might deter some projects. It also demands a significant level of understanding of the evaluation methodologies by the professionals involved, potentially limiting its application. Currently, it is required in most public tender projects and features a pre-certification process during the design phase and certification during the building’s operational phase (See Table 2).

Energy Rating for Homes (CEV)

Advantages: The CEV is specifically designed for the Chilean residential context, considering varied climatic zones and construction peculiarities. This ensures that the recommendations and evaluations are highly relevant and applicable to homes in Chile. By focusing on homes’ energy performance, CEV helps homeowners and builders identify and adopt energy-saving measures, leading to significant heating and cooling cost reductions over time. It provides consumers with a valuable tool for comparing the energy performance of different homes, facilitating more informed purchasing or leasing decisions based on the energy rating. Disadvantages: Although potentially saving money in the long run, achieving a high energy rating may require a significant initial investment in insulation improvements, more efficient heating systems, and other energy-saving technologies. The CEV’s effectiveness heavily depends on public awareness and valuation of energy efficiency importance. A lack of knowledge or interest in these issues may limit its impact on the real estate market. Keeping the certification up to date and ensuring that energy improvements are adequately reflected in the rating may require ongoing efforts and potentially new expenses for homeowners. The CEV represents a significant advancement in promoting energy efficiency in the Chilean residential sector, offering tangible benefits for both homeowners and the environment. However, its success depends on continuous education, incentives for initial energy efficiency investments, and a real estate market that positively values these improvements (See Table 2).

Sustainable Housing Certification (CVS)

Advantages: The CVS assesses homes’ sustainability through various criteria, including energy efficiency, water management, indoor air quality, and material selection, among others. This comprehensive approach ensures full consideration of environmental impacts and promotes more sustainable construction practices. By encouraging the construction of homes that are energy-efficient, healthy, and comfortable for occupants, the CVS significantly improves residents’ quality of life. Homes achieving the CVS can differentiate themselves in the market, potentially increasing their resale value and making them more attractive to environmentally- and sustainability-conscious buyers. Disadvantages: Achieving the certification may require significant investment in design and construction, including selecting sustainable materials and advanced energy efficiency technologies, potentially raising the total project cost. Moreover, the CVS may require a learning curve for architects, builders, and other construction professionals unfamiliar with sustainable building practices, possibly slowing initial adoption. This may influence homeowners’ decisions to seek certification, especially if the perceived benefits do not justify the additional costs. The CVS represents an important step toward promoting more sustainable and environmentally responsible housing in Chile. Its long-term success will depend on the evolution of environmental awareness among consumers, developers, and the construction industry, as well as policies that encourage and facilitate the adoption of sustainable practices in the residential sector (See Table 2).

In summary, it has been found that each certification system has its criteria, benefits, and limitations. Choosing a certification depends on the specific project goals and budget, and consideration of sustainability, energy efficiency, and market recognition. A detailed assessment of the project’s needs and capabilities is crucial before deciding which certification to pursue. Additionally, the evolution of local regulations and technological advancements continue to influence the feasibility and benefits of these certifications in the Chilean context. Finally, suppose a building is designed/constructed without a rating system. In that case, it will have several disadvantages: permits and authorizations denied, lack of simulated internal comfort for users, slower to sell on the market, amount of pollution and waste of materials during construction, penalties during construction, expensive maintenance during operation/use phase (50–100 years), and discomfort of users on all days.

5. Current Situation in BPS Software in Brief

As seen in

Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of BPS software.

BPS Software	Supported BEAM	Disadvantages	Source
Design Builder	LEED partially	Does not consider Chilean context and norms Weather data must be written manually	User manual, papers, and seminars
TAS	LEED partially	Does not consider Chilean context and norms Weather data must be written manually	User manual, papers, and seminars
IES_VE	LEED partially	Does not consider Chilean context and norms	User manual, papers, and seminars
DALUX		Does not consider Chilean context and norms Weather data must be written manually	User manual, papers, and seminars
Insight 360	LEED, CES/CEV	Weather comes from digital stations	User manual, papers, and seminars
Green Building Studio	LEED partially, CES/CEV	LEED partially, CES/CEV partially	User manual, papers, and seminars
EcoDesigner	LEED, GreenStar	LEED partially, CES/CEV not covered Not supported by Graphisoft reseller	User manual, papers, and seminars

, DesignBuilder, TAS, Daysim, Green Building Studio, and IES_VE, are the most well-known software packages, among others (see Figure 4) [60,61,62,63,64]. These types of software have demonstrated their usefulness in simulating aspects of building performance (CO₂ emissions, LEED credit analysis-lighting, thermal loads, solar, acoustic, etc.) with higher precision and speed. Nevertheless, their usability requires extensive training and profound building energy knowledge, which complicates architects’ or designers’ real-time and continuous participation. Much of this software can generate LEED documents. Although BIM–BPS exchange has been proposed by many authors [65,66,67], there needs to be strong evidence of their mixed use in practice.

One of the latest approaches in BPS software has been BIM interoperability and simplifying of the interface and background calculation [68,69]. A deep analysis of energy simulation tools such as Green Building Studio (GBS), DesignBuilder, Integrated Environmental Solutions-Virtual Environment (IES), and OpenStudio was carried out in [70]. On the other hand, in Figure 5, an Insight 360 model shows a complete building that was 90% coincident with manual calculations made using traditional methods (drawings, excel spreadsheets, etc.).

Furthermore, implementing BIM models in energy simulations (see Figure 6) reduces the certification time and process length, contributing to more energy-certified buildings. This reduces particulate matter emissions and enhances hygrothermal comfort for users. In this sense, energy certifications implemented using BIM tools promote a more sustainable and healthier habitat.

6. Research on BIM–BEAM Integration

Some links between BIM and BEAM need to be included. Many operations, such as the interoperability of BIM and BPS; challenges in the collaborative, integrated design process; the lack of model and interface standards; and the requirements of building performance assessment and building energy modeling are currently of concern to practitioners and researchers [68,69]. Usually, the three areas (BIM, BPS, and BEAM) are poorly connected. BIM and BPS software information is not usually shared successfully within the BEAM environment or vice versa. Major revisions of these issues are discussed in [70,71]. One of the first BIM and energy integration efforts [72] did not include a BEAM rating system. Some recent efforts included tracking sustainability concepts throughout the entire green BIM lifecycle [73,74], which emphasized the need for studies considering interoperability over the whole life cycle of sustainable buildings. Other studies considered BIM for LEED IEQ category prerequisites and credit calculations [75], and integrating BIM and LEED systems at the conceptual design stage [76]. Nevertheless, all the information required in BEAM documents must still be completed manually [77,78], and new information must be updated manually after design changes [79], such as adding or deleting stories/areas/rooms, resizing/rotating rooms, moving walls, changing materials, etc. Providing the required/achieved performance information to design teams is also a failing of most BIM software packages. As shown in

Table 4. BIM–BEAM integration: Summary of efforts for the integration of BIM and BEAM.

Author	Concept/Idea	Closeness to This Framework
[80]	Integration methods between BIM and LEED	Very close
[74]	Lack of interoperability in the entire lifecycle of sustainable buildings	Medium close
[75]	Building information modeling BIM for LEED IEQ category prerequisites and credit calculations	Very close
[69]	Conceptual BIM-based models improving post-occupancy evaluation process for sustainable buildings in the UK	Very close
[76]	Integrating BIM and the LEED system at the conceptual design stage, but depending on a commercial BIM package (Autodesk Revit)	Very close
[81]	Using cloud-BIM for LEED automation	Very close
[82]	BIM execution planning in green building projects	Medium close
[83]	Certain guidelines for using BIM for energy analysis of buildings	Very close
[84]	Promotion of an open framework for integrated BIM-based building performance simulation using Modelica.	Not close

, there has been a lot of research concerning the integration of BIM, BPS, and BEAM.

Recent market research reports have revealed the great potential of this integration for the industry [40,85], and they were among the first authors to deal with BIM–IFC exchange to improve energy design for buildings. There have also been some recent efforts concerning the integration of these three fields, such as BIM support to store a large amount of POE [41] results, integrating BIM and the LEED system at the conceptual design stage [76], but depending on a commercial BIM package (Autodesk Revit); using cloud–BIM for LEED automation [81]; BIM execution planning in green building projects [82]; specific guidelines for using BIM for energy analysis of buildings [83]; and integrated process mapping for BIM implementation in green building project delivery [81]. Remmen et al. [84] promoted an open framework for integrated BIM-based building performance simulation using Modelica. In the early 2000s, Bayforrest dealt with connecting an IFC-compliant product model of a building (using Autodesk Architectural Desktop v2024, a proto-BIM software) via the Internet, with databases for the resource and energy requirements of building materials [86] not connected to any BEAM scheme. BIM-based model checking (BMC) was proposed for the Danish version of the DGNB [87]. In conclusion, there are only a few methods to fill out BEAM forms directly using BIM software to speed up and make the certification process of a building more accurate, but they are not available for testing. In addition, there must be an intuitive interface to carry out this exchange. Most recent reviews, such as in [80], presented a broad review of the integration methods between BIM and LEED, finding several issues related to using these third-party tools that increase manual work and checking, due to interoperability issues. In addition, this research demonstrates that there are no suitable tools integrated into BIM software, to fully automate LEED certification, for example.

The research conducted by [4] explored the use of BIM alongside green building rating systems such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), BEAM Plus, and Green Star, emphasizing their potential in green building rating systems. Additionally, ref. [2] reviewed the breadth of green building assessment matrices achievable with BIM, highlighting the urgent need for automation to develop a database of manufacturer-certified elements. Furthermore, according to [5], the building sector accounts for 40% of the EU’s total energy consumption. The development of energy performance certificate (EPC) systems in the EU provides an information tool to quantitatively predict the annual energy demand of the building stock, creating a demand-driven market for energy-efficient buildings. Another study on BIM applied to building energy efficiency was conducted by [6]. Similarly, ref. [7] studied an IFC-based framework within an integrated BIM and sustainable data model for the design phase of the building project life cycle. Recently, ref. [8] described a methodology to automate the sustainability assessment process of proposed buildings by integrating building information modeling (BIM) and the LEED certification system, proposing a framework for calculating the credits that buildings could earn at the conceptual stage.

Building information modeling (BIM) and life cycle assessment (LCA) are pivotal in designing buildings with minimal environmental impact. For instance, ref. [9] investigated four certification systems for their integration with BIM and LCA, underscoring the importance of data quality and construction project management. Another research work focused on the tools applied to BIM/green building was performed by [10], comparing LCA software tools for building designers, considering building types and operational energy requirements. Additionally, ref. [11] conducted a case study using TRACE 700 for energy modeling and simulation to assess energy performance changes in different scenarios for an existing mid-rise multifamily building in Ohio. Similarly, refs. [12,13] demonstrated that integrating BIM in this process supports sustainability assessments during infrastructure project design decisions.

A framework representing LEED sustainable building criteria in a BIM platform was studied by [14] to automate green building design qualification. Assessing the energy associated with material production and transportation during the building design phase was conducted by [15], offering a framework for supporting design decisions and assessing the embodied energy in construction material supply chains.

Research conducted by [16] showed that BIM’s adoption in the US reached 71% in 2012, compared to 17% in 2007, indicating its impact on traditional building delivery processes. In Europe, BIM adoption is promoted for public procurement by the European Union Public Procurement Directive, particularly in the UK and northern Europe, where it enhances documentation precision, reduces rework, and shortens project timelines. In the context of climate change and the global energy crisis, ref. [17] evaluated green building information modeling (Green BIM) and recommended using a decision-making cycle for building performance analysis (BPA). Likewise, ref. [18] developed an integrated building LCA model, integrating LCA results for construction materials, building components, and entire buildings using BIM.

For example, the study performed by [19] addressed the relationship between LCA and building sustainability assessment (BSA) within the BIM context for Portugal. The research conducted by [20] proposed an energy simulation process using BIM for the A-Tower building in Andorra, integrating LEED for environmental performance assessment. A conceptual framework focusing on BIM and the ecological assessment tool Green Star for sustainable building certification in New Zealand was developed by [21], highlighting the benefits and challenges of implementation. In this sense, ref. [22] proposed a new workflow integrating a visual programming language (VPL) and BIM for sustainable building design and rating. Moreover, ref. [23] combined life cycle assessment (LCA) theory with BIM capabilities to study developments in structural system energy efficiency. The study developed by [24] integrated BIM with LCA to assess environmental impacts of construction materials using an office building case study. Later, ref. [25] examined the advantages and challenges of performing LCA and life cycle cost (LCC) calculations in construction, emphasizing BIM’s role in sustainability and green building certifications. In this sense, the research by [26] categorized sustainable building assessment tools into multicriteria analysis and LCA approaches, emphasizing BIM’s role in evaluating design scenarios from environmental and financial perspectives. Other studies [27,28] developed frameworks for environmental impact assessment (EIA) using 3D and BIM models, supporting optimized design categories for environmental and energy efficiency.

The research conducted by [29] provided a taxonomy on the connection between BIM and ecological buildings, illustrating project phases, ecological attributes, and BIM attributes. Likewise, ref. [30] investigated sustainable building design from an ecological perspective, highlighting the influence of environmental concerns on building performance. Moreover, ref. [31] reviewed key research themes in building information modeling (BIM), focusing on adoption, management, life cycle analysis, and energy simulation. Challenges in BIM’s interoperability with energy simulation tools and building systems modeling were noted.

On the other hand, the studies in [19,32] explored the integration of life cycle assessment (LCA) and building sustainability assessment (BSA) within the BIM context, identifying challenges such as database inconsistencies and the need for real project validations. In this sense, ref. [3] described a tool integrating BIM with a metamodel for thermal load prediction through gbXML, highlighting challenges in interoperability among BIM tools.

The research developed by [33] proposed a framework integrating mathematical optimization, 6D BIM, and life cycle assessment, to enhance energy efficiency through building modernization measures. The study demonstrated significant reductions in global warming impacts through life cycle assessment before and after modernization measures. More recently, ref. [34] developed a parametric model on the Autodesk Revit platform for a building in Pakistan, illustrating energy conservation possibilities through design decisions and simulation. These studies collectively underscore BIM’s evolving role in promoting sustainability and efficiency in the construction industry, addressing challenges and exploring new methodologies for integrated design and assessment.

As global awareness and urgency surrounding sustainable building practices intensify, fueled by factors like rising energy costs, environmental concerns such as CO₂ emissions, and technological advancements, a pressing need has emerged for improved building performance. While various versions of building performance simulation (BPS) software have been utilized to simulate energy demands and assess building efficiency, recent studies have delved deeper into integrating BIM with green building certification systems to streamline and enhance sustainability assessments. However, despite the promising potential of BIM, challenges persist in achieving seamless integration with existing certification systems and BPS software. Data standardization, interoperability, and manual interventions during data export hinder the efficiency of green building assessments. Consequently, there is a growing call for cohesive frameworks and plugin-based solutions to bridge these gaps and enhance the accuracy and efficiency of building energy assessments, particularly in regions with diverse climatic conditions like Chile.

7. A New Framework for Integration

This research proposes a novel framework (see Figure 7), including information exchange between BIM and BEAM. This framework begins by recognizing BEAM requirements (i.e., LEED, Breeam, DGNB, Chilean CES), and then a model for BIM for architectural design (under BPS protocols) is developed. Consequently, the model is evaluated in a BPS environment (i.e., DesignBuilder, TAS, EcoDesigner, Green Building Studio). If changes are required, they are made in the BIM model and, then the BEAM requirements are met.

Table 5. CES criteria that can be filled out from the BIM tool.

BIM Potential	Item	Variable
Full	General information	Location, owner, project name, customer ID, area.
Full	Use and location	City location, days of use/week.
Full	Definitions rooms	Numbering of enclosures, room name, description, useful area, density of usage, lighting charge, equipment loads, regularly occupied.
Full	Definition of groups	Group numbering, group name.
Full	Allocation of enclosures to different groups	Numbering of rooms, room name, group to which it belongs.
Full	Surrounding	Area, height, material (walls/ceilings/floor), thickness (walls/ceilings/floor), insulation (walls/ceilings/flooring).
Partial	Infiltration and air changes	Infiltration and air renewal, night ventilation.
Full/Partial	Radiation	Orientation, dimension, visible light transmittance, solar factor glass.
Full	Features of window frames in each orientation	Facade obstacle dimensions.
Full	Ventilation	Room area, height, use, occupational density.

shows the CES criteria that can be filled out from the BIM tool, emphasizing that most of the variables that certification requires can be obtained from the BIM model.

An automated information exchange method between a BIM platform (Autodesk Revit) and Chilean certification (called CES) was developed as a case for this framework and is discussed below. The proposed framework was based on knowledge of both topics (BIM and BEAM), which are usually separate and depend on different practitioners. This method was used to map both processes (BIM/BEAM). After reviewing several Chilean norms, one result was the finding of a strong BIM potential and match between several variables (See Table 5). Then, a database connection (MS Access v2021) between proprietary BIM software (Autodesk Revit v2024) and a BEAM spreadsheet format (part of the Chilean CES rating system) was set up, allowing automated completion and updates from the BIM model created by architects.

7.1. First Exchange Tests

A novel flow of information from BIM to BEAM was used for both tests. Once the initial setup is completed (names, paths, and locations of files), all changes made in the BIM model shown in Figure 8 are transmitted to the BEAM spreadsheet through the database link (Figure 9). This means that after every design change (floor, rooms, sizes, and names) made in the BIM model, all the required information is automatically transmitted to the BEAM spreadsheet [88]. A list of the criteria taken from BIM to Chilean BEAM (called CES) is shown in Table 5.

The information from the BIM model is extracted to an external database, filtered, tabulated, and translated into the CES (Chilean rating system) spreadsheet form using the new tool proposed in this research (see Figure 10). This allows vast amounts of information to be shared from BIM to BEAM and increases the speed and accuracy of performing an energy assessment.

7.2. BIM Tool Prototype

A prototypical version was created, consisting of the development of a new tool within commercial BIM software. The tool was coded in C# and connects the BIM database contained in Revit with CES spreadsheets. It extracts information from the BIM model and automatically fills in the BEAM spreadsheet (see Figure 11 and Figure 12). This allows the framework to work independently from any commercial plug-in or software, and it also allows future improvements, since the programming language used is highly recognized and easy to access. Figure 11 illustrates the tool’s flow process.

Code Details

Technical features include API (advanced programming interface), C Sharp programming language, Autodesk Revit, and PostgreSQL (open-source database). Algorithm details are described (see Figure 11). Architects show their design efforts through BIM models. Their design follows BEAM requirements (LEED, BREAM, CES), and the new tool (step1) extracts all information from the BIM model (thousands of objects: walls, windows, slabs, sizes, stairs, etc.) to an external database (PostgreSQL in step2). A filter is applied to this database, and then only helpful information is selected and taken to the BEAM local database (Chilean CES). Finally, a single user can automatically have this information in any spreadsheet (such as Microsoft Excel v2011) to create fast and accurate reports about the performance of the building concerning a BEAM scheme.

7.3. Case Description

The following case study was conducted using the new proposed application. An academic/academic BIM model was prepared and simplified for energy analysis objectives. This is a crucial step, since many BIM models are created for other uses (such as quantities, coordination, conflict detection, etc.) and need performance information. In this case, crucial aspects that the model must contain include levels, walls, space name, ceiling, and partitions. This information typically comes from the Standard that must be fulfilled. The building had the following Area Schedule (gross building): Administration 441 m², Circulation 1828 m², Instruction 2060 m², Service 682 m², Total: 55,011 m². The design teams had to define at Entry Level 01 (0.00) a type of grid and slabs, which were quickly filled up to the 2nd and 3rd floor. Then, using grids on each floor, walls and partitions were drawn, and within each space, a room tag was added; this created an inner envelope that was used for energy simulation and surface quantification.

This process was repeated on the 2nd and 3rd floors. Finally, a roof was created following the boundary of the building (see Figure 8). Once finished, some properties had to be added (or changed) for the AEC objects; most BIM software has families (for walls, slabs, doors, etc.) that can be easily changed, and there are two methods. First, you can insert an existing wall family (i.e., concrete wall), and once located, click on it and change it by choosing an existing family (i.e., wood wall). The other method is clicking the object, and, in the property setting, one can create a new type and set all new parameters (width, material, etc.) and then use this. The same process can be carried out for slabs, ceilings, and partitions. Once all AEC objects are finished, the model can be exported to the CES classification system by clicking the export button (see Figure 10); this will take only the required information from CES and automatically populate the CES spreadsheet (see Figure 12 and Figure 13), this dramatically reduces time consumption, improves accuracy, and allows the spreadsheet to be quickly updated when the BIM model is updated (generally every day).

Based on the previous results, it is possible to demonstrate that this new workflow has several advantages. Currently, professionals must complete most BEAM documents manually. BIM models collect a great deal of helpful information for BEAM documents and only a few articles have dealt with this problem, and they addressed it only partially. The proposed workflow creates a new automated connection between BIM information and BEAM documents. Providing the required/achieved performance information to design teams also significantly contributes to this work. The case showed the use of the proposed framework in a specific workflow (Revit-CES), which could be applied to Archicad-LEED, Bentley-BREEAM, any other local BEAM scheme, or any new BPS/BIM software.

This framework can be used for other parts of the world with different climatic conditions under any norm. Local requirements must be updated as input to the framework (minimum requirements and common points of each norm must be considered before evaluation).

7.4. Discussion about the New Tool: Technical Aspects, Challenges, and Practical Implementation

The new framework makes certification easier, since it automatically fulfills information that formerly had to be interpreted by a human and written manually in a certification spreadsheet. What does the new framework bring to the table?: it automatically fills spreadsheets with many aspects of the building for a certification; a comparison between the current technique and the new framework is presented in

Table 6. Comparison between current technique and new framework.

Variable	New Framework	Current Technique for LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES
Location, owner, project name, customer ID, area.	Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
City location, days of use/week.	Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Numbering of enclosures, room name, description, useful area, density of usage, lighting charge, equipment loads, regularly occupied.	Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Group numbering, group name.	Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Numbering of rooms, room name, group to which it belongs.	Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Area, height, material (walls/ceilings/floor), thickness (walls/ceilings/floor), insulation (walls/ceilings/flooring).	Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Infiltration and air renewal, night ventilation.	Semi-Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Orientation, dimension, visible light transmittance, solar factor glass.	Semi-Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Facade obstacle dimensions.	Automatically to CES Spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES Spreadsheet/website
Room area, height, use, occupational density.	Automatically to CES spreadsheet	Manually to LEED, BREEAM, DGNB, CES spreadsheet/website

. The following Technical elements, challenges, and practical implementation are discussed. Technical aspects: using Revit 2012–2020, since they are compatible with the first version of the plugin, local copies of BIM files, spreadsheets, and plugins must be stored (lack of online exchange), similarly to in [42,45]. Challenges: practitioners usually work with BIM, BPS, or BEAM, but not altogether; more integrated working is a challenge for future practice, similarly to in [60,68]. Practical implementation: using local commercial software such as Revit creates limitations and barriers; using of local spreadsheets is a barrier, since online calculations are faster (GreenBuilding Studio and Insight360), similarly to in [81]. Several improvements to the interface must be made: the plugin has just one direction; clicking the button takes all information from the BIM model to the CES spreadsheet; it lacks an update button, support, tutorial, and other valuable aspects.

8. Conclusions

In this research, a novel simplified framework to integrate databases with building information modeling for building energy assessment in the Chilean context/multi-climate zone was developed. A comprehensive discussion of the current state of the art of building energy certification and its process was presented, as a tool for its implementation with BIM technologies. The proposed framework integrates with certification requirements, since the BIM model is developed to facilitate information processing and interchange. Based on this, the integration of BIM and building environmental assessment methods (BEAM) holds significant potential for enhancing the energy certification process in architectural practice. The main conclusions are described as follows:

• The study revealed that while BIM models contain a wealth of pertinent information, a gap exists in the seamless integration between BIM, building performance simulation (BPS), and BEAM fields, which impedes their practical utility.
• BIM regulations often lack explicit BEAM specifications or integration mechanisms, with a few exceptions, such as the GSA 3D-4D BIM program, which provides clear guidelines to support building energy modeling and simulations from BIM models. This highlights the need for greater alignment and collaboration between BIM mandates and BEAM schemes, to streamline the energy certification process and promote sustainable architectural practices.
• The Chilean CES energy evaluation scheme offers the possibility of analysis of multi-climatic systems that other schemes do not have. While regional assessment schemes such as the Chilean CES may not directly apply beyond their respective regions, the proposed database exchange framework offers a versatile solution applicable to schemes such as LEED, Breeam, DGNB, and others, as well as different BIM/BPS software platforms. This highlights the scalability and adaptability of the proposed framework beyond the Chilean context, offering broader implications for global architectural practices.
• The proposed framework presents a viable solution for bridging this gap. If offers architects a streamlined approach utilizing BIM-derived data for energy certification processes, thereby advancing sustainable design practices and contributing to more efficient and environmentally conscious building projects on a global scale.
• For future work, some extended aspects should be addressed, such as
  • Specific case studies.
  • Web integration.
  • Compliance with government building energy policies, ease of use, and a more comprehensive interface for other BIM software (Archicad, Bentley, Allplan, Digital Project)
  • Exchange of information from/to BPS (Design Builder, IES_VE, TAS)
  • IFC compliance is needed to promote OpenBIM standards and provide more direct linkage to Energy Engine.