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Article

Mapping Scientific Knowledge of Renewable Energy and Tourism

by
Donaji Jiménez-Islas
1,
Miriam E. Pérez-Romero
2,3,
José Álvarez-García
4,* and
María de la Cruz del Río-Rama
5
1
TecNM/ITS Huichapan, Renewable Energy Division, Higher Technological Institute of Huichapan, Hidalgo 42411, Mexico
2
TecNM/ITS Huichapan, Business Management Division, Higher Technological Institute of Huichapa, Hidalgo 42411, Mexico
3
Doctoral Program in Sustainable Territorial Development (R015), The International Doctoral School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
4
Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Instituto Universitario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Territorial Sostenible (INTERRA), Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
5
Business Management and Marketing Department, Faculty of Business Sciences and Tourism, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6356; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156356
Submission received: 26 May 2024 / Revised: 21 July 2024 / Accepted: 22 July 2024 / Published: 25 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development in Urban and Rural Tourism)
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Abstract

:
The need for energy in different global industries encourages the development and application of clean energy. Tourism, being a global development sector, requires energy to maintain the comfort of tourists. The development of technology requires basic science and application studies that allow us to know the scientific evolution and trends in research, which is of great relevance in the fields of tourism and renewable energy. Within this context, the aim of the article is to analyze the evolution of research publications focused on renewable energy and tourism indexed in Scopus from 2008 to 2023 using a bibliometric approach. The search strategy identified 90 documents. Tools such as VOSviewer (version: 1.6.18) and Power BI (version: 13.0.23776.64) were used to assist in conducting the bibliometric analysis and network. The results of this work indicate that there is a growth in the authors’ interest in renewable energy and tourism, with a specific growth rate of 0.1927 years−1. “Environmental Science and Pollution Research” is the journal with the most publications, and China ranks first in publications. Authors prefer to publish in Q1 and Q2 journals to increase the reach of their publications.

1. Introduction

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century; its effects will manifest themselves not only in the modification of the current climatic conditions of the world’s regions but also in changes in the very living conditions of human beings [1], in all of the planet’s economies, and in all productive sectors [2]. Among the economic activities that may be affected by the effects of global warming, two are particularly sensitive: agriculture and tourism [1]. Regarding tourism, there is consensus that it is one of the largest industries in the world [3], in addition to being considered an important driver of economic growth [4], adding substantially to the GDP (gross domestic product), employment generation, and industrial growth globally [5]. On the other hand, a number of negative consequences have also been brought about at the economic, social, cultural, and environmental levels by the rise in visitor demand, the absence of state policies and tourism planning, and the exclusively commercial focus directed towards market dynamics [6].
The relationship between tourism and climate change is reciprocal [2]. Tourism responds to the general energy consumption model of the industrial revolution, which is intensive in emissions of large quantities of C O 2 and other greenhouse gases [7]. To this should be added the discharge of untreated water, waste generation, damage to local terrestrial and marine biodiversity, as well as threats to the survival of local cultures, built heritage, and traditions [2].
On the other hand, tourism activity is vulnerable to certain effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, decreasing volumes of snow and ice, and extreme weather events [4]. Climate change causes changes in the tourism potential of climates, which has repercussions on the functionality of tourist areas and the attractiveness of tourist resources. Additionally, climate change has repercussions on tourist flows and can have consequences for economic growth. Regarding the latter, the reduction in consumption capacity that this decrease would entail would inevitably affect the leisure and travel sectors [8]. The three tourism sectors that will be most affected by climate change are: sun and beach tourism, snow sports tourism, and eco-tourism [9].
Tourism has begun to assume its responsibility in the fight against climate change, specifically in relation to the greenhouse gas emissions generated [10]. The strategic lines to follow in order to transform tourism into a more sustainable industry should be mainly oriented towards the following: (1) integrating energy efficiency and renewable energies in the tourism value chain; (2) favoring the “decarbonization” of the public transport system; and (3) generating tools that favor responsible tourist behavior with respect to climate change [2].
In a previous publication, Ásványi et al. [11] conducted a study on the published literature on the use of renewable energy in the tourism industry. They identified a dearth of studies on the subject and employed four databases: Scopus, Research Gate, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. They utilized the search criteria “Energy consumption” AND “renewable energy” AND “Tourism” over the period 2006–2016. Huseynli (2022) [12] examined the interrelationship between tourism and renewable energy, concluding that tourists exhibit minimal environmental concern with regard to energy. In their 2013 study, Cheung and Fan [13] addressed the issue of renewable energy use in the hotel sector, emphasizing the importance of energy efficiency.
The importance of renewable energy technology for sustainable development is becoming more widely acknowledged. Decision-makers have introduced energy efficiency actions in the tourism sector to reduce the carbon footprint caused by visitor activities, including the incorporation of renewable energy, which has environmental and economic benefits, as well as the disadvantage of the initial investment in the technology [14]. The scientific community reports the main findings of the sector through publications. Karabuğa et al. [15] conclude that because of their economic and environmental importance, it is recommended for the tourism industry to employ renewable energy generation systems, where it is important to define the energy source to be used considering its positive and negative aspects. The integration of renewable energy sources is posited as a catalyst for sustainable economic development and eco-friendly practices. The impact of renewable energy (solar) consumption on tourism development was examined by Li and Cao [16] over the years 2000–2022. They discovered that a 1% increase in clean energy (solar) consumption is linked to an approximate 0.35% increase in tourist arrivals, highlighting the crucial role that solar energy investment plays in the growth of the travel industry. Ghimire et al. [17] obtain the inference that a growing number of studies have been published on the topic and that hotels all over the world are starting to use renewable energy sources and eco-friendly methods. The utilization of renewable energy has helped raise public awareness of ecotourism, green hotels, and sustainable community, societal, and national activities. Customers, on the other hand, continue to have a favorable opinion of hotels that operate using renewable energy sources and are inclined to tell their friends and relatives about them.
It is crucial to investigate the nature, magnitude, and timing of the effects of climate change on the tourism sector if effective responses (in the realms of adaptation and mitigation) are to be designed and implemented to avert the most pessimistic future scenarios [4]. In this regard, the present research project was conceived with the objective of conducting a bibliometric analysis on the topic of renewable energy and tourism, drawing upon the Scopus database for the period spanning 2008 to 2023.
Scientific activity in recent years has experienced significant growth through the dissemination of research results [18], so it is necessary to quantify different aspects related to the documents generated in order to determine the evolution of research activities in different areas of knowledge. The statistics derived from the bibliometric analysis “quantify the contribution of scientific articles to a particular subject; they reflect current scientific developments and may be used to identify potential developments; thus, the next science pattern may be forecast by bibliometric analysis” [19]. Bibliometric studies foster innovation and help to build a strong basis for advancing a research area in meaningful ways [20]. Bibliometric analysis makes it possible to identify, classify, and analyze scientific papers that address research from different scientific approaches and areas [21].
The bibliometric analysis of the behavior of publications is important to establish which are the current topics and where the trends in the combined field of renewable energy and tourism are migrating. The tourism sector could identify fields of knowledge and the connection of users to globalized topics such as eco-tourism, green technologies, clean energy, and other attractions that bring value to visitors and improve the social and environmental perception of the place.
The research questions to be answered were as follows:
RQ1: What were the evolutions and changes in renewable energy and tourism research from 2008 to 2023? RQ2: What document type is most suitable for authors to publish their work? How does this relate to the use of citations in the fields of renewable energy and tourism? RQ3: What is the possible future direction of the countries’ research and its relation to the subjects’ areas? RQ4: Which are the countries with the highest number of publications, and what is their influence on having the highest number of citations? RQ5: What is the impact of publications in the scientific community? In which quartile are journals placed, and how does it relate to citations? RQ6: What are the most cited documents? The most cited documents were identified in the database through the ranking order configuration, obtaining the top 5. RQ7: Who are the key authors in the fields of renewable energy and tourism? RQ8: What are the key words that the authors use in their publications, and how has the topic of renewable energy and tourism evolved?
This article is organized as follows: Section 1 presents the theoretical arguments, the necessity for further research in the field, previous work, and the research questions that will be addressed in the investigation. Subsequently, Section 2 presents how the data were obtained and analyzed to answer each of the research questions. The results are presented in Section 3, which is divided into sub-sections. Section 4 presents a discussion, and Section 5 presents the conclusions of the work.

2. Data and Methods

The search was conducted on 20 February 2024, in the Scopus database. The Scopus database is recognized for containing international academic information through the publication of different types of documents, such as journals, conference papers, patents, and others [22].
To obtain the data, the initial step was to enter the keywords “Renewable energy” OR “green energy” AND “tourism” into the Title–Abstract–Keyword categories. This search yielded 895 documents. In the second step, a search was conducted with the keywords “Renewable energy” AND “tourism” in the Title–Abstract–Keyword categories. The search yielded 843 results, indicating that 99.77% of the results were contained in the second search criterion, excluding the word “green energy”. The period considered was from 1990 to 2024.
The third step in the process entailed conducting a search with the keywords “Renewable energy” AND “tourism”. In this step, we excluded keywords and abstracts, keeping only the titles of published documents. The first record in this set was from 2008, and we narrowed the search to documents published before 2024 to ensure comprehensive coverage of the desired time period. A total of 90 documents were identified. The search was limited to English-language sources only. Data from the Scopus platform were downloaded in CSV format for further processing using Excel (version: 16.66.1), VOSViewer, and Power BI.
In order to fulfill the objective of this study, a series of research questions were posed, and a specific methodology was proposed to obtain the information and process the data. The questions posed were:
RQ1: What were the evolutions and changes in renewable energy and tourism research from 2008 to 2023? To evaluate trends in the number of publications, data were downloaded in CSV format and processed in Microsoft Excel. The rate of velocity (years−1) was determined through the Gompertz equation and the solver function according to methodology by [23]. The results of publications and the data generated by the Gompertz model were processed using regression curve fitting, which was complemented with statistical analysis with significance set at p = 0.05. The determination coefficient (R2) was calculated as well.
RQ2: What document type is most suitable for authors to publish their work? How does this relate to the use of citations in the fields of renewable energy and tourism? To determine this indicator, the type of publication and its correlation with citations were quantified over the period spanning 2008 to 2023, with the exception of 2024.
RQ3: What is the possible future direction of the countries’ research and its relation to the subjects’ areas? To obtain the data, a comprehensive enumeration of countries and publications in each of the main journals included in the database was conducted. The resulting information was entered into Microsoft Power BI software (version 13.0.23776.64) to generate a chord diagram. The use of chord diagrams facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between members and clusters [24].
RQ4: Which are the countries with the highest number of publications, and what is their influence on having the highest number of citations? For each country, the source where the documents are published was identified, and the data were processed in Power BI software (Version: 13.0.23776.64) using the chord diagram.
RQ5: What is the impact of publications in the scientific community? In which quartile are journals placed, and how does it relate to citations? With the Scopus data, an analysis of countries and citations for different journals were processed. Quartiles were estimated using information from Scimago. The map was shown using the chord diagram.
RQ6: What are the most cited documents? The most cited documents were identified in the database through the ranking order configuration, obtaining the top 5.
RQ7: Who are the key authors in the fields of renewable energy and tourism? To determine the key authors in the development of publications on renewable energy and tourism, the authors with the most publications and the most cited papers were identified in the Scopus database.
RQ8: What are the key words that the authors use in their publications, and how has the topic of renewable energy and tourism evolved? An analysis was carried out with VOSViewer to map the main keywords around the topic of study.

3. Results

This paper used the research questions to develop an analysis of the evolution of scientific publications related to the topic of renewable energy and tourism, in which graphs, maps, and charts were developed to help describe the results.

3.1. Evolution of Publications on Renewable Energy and Tourism

Figure 1 shows the evolution of publications related to renewable energy and tourism, with the exclusion of data from 2024 due to the search being conducted in February of that year. The graph shows that the number of annual publications remained relatively low from 2008 to 2016. However, following 2016 and extending until 2023, there was a notable increase in the number of publications, which can be attributed to international policies on sustainability, such as the signing of the “Paris Agreement” in 2015 [25]. In summary, the number of publications on the subject of renewable energy and tourism has increased significantly over the last 5 years.

3.2. Document Type and Citation

The data collected on 20 February 2024, on the topic of renewable energy and tourism are summarized in Table 1, which shows the distribution of document types, with 77% of articles representing 96.4% of the total citations for the topic of study. Traditionally, the number of citations is assumed to be an indicator of the quality of published work [26,27].

3.3. Distribution of the Literature and Subject Area

To obtain a clear picture of the distribution of publications across countries and subject areas, a chord diagram analysis was conducted, as illustrated in Figure 2. Chord diagrams provide visual representation in the form of a circle that interrelates data similar to a transition matrix [28]. Considering the volume of publications, China is the country with the highest ranking in the subject areas of “Environmental Science”, “Engineering”, “Energy”, “Economics, Econometrics, and Finance”, and “Business, Management, and Accounting”. Together with China, Pakistan, Turkey, Spain, and Portugal, these countries comprise the top five of this indicator.

3.4. Countries and Journals

The “Environmental Science and Pollution Research” journal is the most influential outlet for authors publishing papers related to renewable energy and tourism, accounting for 13.5% of the global output. This is followed by “Renewable Energy” with 7.45%, “Environment Development and Sustainability” with 4.9%, “E3s Web of Conferences” with 2.46%, and “Energies” with 2.46%. The aforementioned data refer to the top five sources (journals). Figure 3 shows the top 10 countries with the highest productivity in the field of study, with China, Pakistan, and Turkey contributing the greatest number of documents.

Citations by Country

In order to determine the impact of the countries on the topic of renewable energy and tourism, an analysis of citations per country in each of the journals was conducted (Figure 4). It is evident that “Environmental Science and Pollution Research” has the highest number of citations, which may be a contributing factor to this behavior. One possible explanation for this is the number of publications per year that it has had in recent years. The second most cited journal is “Renewable Energy”, followed by “Energies”.

3.5. Journals and Quartile

The criteria used to rank academic journals vary [29]. The evaluation of scientific journals using the Q-indicator is an analytical tool employed to rank journals, taking into account both the scientific group in question and its impact factor [30]. With the growth of publications in the fields of renewable energy and tourism, authors seek to disseminate knowledge through journals with the highest quality indexes and broadest global reach. Consequently, they have gravitated towards journals in quartiles 1 and 2 (Q1 and Q2) for publication. Figure 5 shows the journals and their respective quartiles. The highest-ranked journals in Q1 are “Environmental Science and Pollution Research”, “Environment Development and Sustainability”, and “Renewable Energy”.

3.6. Most Cited Documents

A citation serves as an indicator of an article’s scientific impact within its field [31]. The analysis of the documents most cited is shown in Table 2. Ben Jebli is the most important author in the indicator of TC with 204, followed by Işık Cem with 169.

3.7. Most Influential Authors

The most prolific author is Balsalobre-Lorente D., with the documents titled “Revising the tourism-induced environment Kuznets curve hypothesis in top 8 Asian economies: the role of ICT and renewable energy consumption” [37], “The role of tourism, trade, renewable energy use and carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth: evidence of tourism-led growth hypothesis in EU-28” [38], “The effects of tourism, economic growth and renewable energy on carbon dioxide emissions” [39], and “The impact of tourism and renewable energy use over economic growth in top 10 tourism destinations” [40]. He is followed by his co-author Leitão Nuno C. with the document titled “The linkage between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism, C O 2 emissions, and international trade: The evidence for the European Union” [41]. In the latter document, author Balsalobre-Lorente D., was identified, but the Scopus database did not identify him as he was under the registration of “Lorente, Daniel Balsalobre”, an error that affects the analysis and would represent a total of five documents for the authors.
Authors ranked fourth and fifth were identified as co-authors in the publication review. Ali, Qamar, and Işık C. are the most influential authors in the field of renewable energy and tourism, considering the number of citations per published paper (TC/TP), which exceeds a ratio of 100 (Table 3).

3.8. Keyword Co-Occurrence Network

The selection of author-defined keywords has a major impact on research accessibility and identification effectiveness. The keywords in question are of great importance, as they provide the necessary information to link to scientific publications in databases [49]. The principal objective of keywords is to identify the primary subjects of investigation across a range of scientific domains [5,50]. The top ten most frequent keywords associated with “renewable energy” and “tourism” are as follows: “alternative energy”, “sustainable development”, “tourism development”, “carbon dioxide”, “renewable energies”, “economic growth”, “economic development”, and “sustainability”. Figure 6 shows the map of keywords used by authors in their publications, with the largest nodes indicating the highest co-occurrence. Figure 6 also illustrates four clusters, which reveal the central theme of the study and its relation to C O 2 emissions and economic aspects related to sustainable tourism.
The overlay visualization function of VOSviewer was employed to analyze the evolution of keywords over time, in the period from 2020 to 2023 (Figure 6). It was observed that the keyword “economic” was incorporated in the authors’ publications, complementing the topic of renewable energy and tourism. This phenomenon may be attributed to the commercial imperative of tourism, in conjunction with the environmental awareness developed in recent years by society.
The tourism industry’s interest in sustainability promotes the use of renewable energies as one of the factors that reduces the carbon footprint and improves the gross domestic product of countries; however, it must be considered that the energy transition requires regulatory mechanisms that benefit the implementation of alternative sources in combination with commercial economic benefits.

4. Discussion

As already mentioned in the introduction, the use of renewable energies and the tourism sector are interconnected, mainly in relation to environmental sustainability and economic development. Firstly, innovation, together with the use of renewable energies, will reduce carbon emissions from the tourism sector [51]. Studies such as that of Thi et al. [52] empirically demonstrate that this type of technology minimizes the ecological footprint and mitigates climate change, thus emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in the tourism industry. On the other hand, empirical research shows that the integration of renewable energy sources (solar energy and hydropower) together with sustainable practices in tourism can lead to economic growth, environmental protection (achieving sustainable development goals and minimizing the environmental footprint), and community development [53].
Research findings on renewable energy and tourism are numerous, covering aspects ranging from environmental and economic impacts to emerging trends and challenges. In this sense, there are many studies that affirm that renewable energies (solar, wind, and hydroelectric) have a positive environmental impact; they reduce the carbon footprint of the tourism industry and mitigate climate change [54,55,56,57,58]. On the other hand, there are not only environmental benefits but also economic benefits, as there is a large body of research showing that investment in renewable energy can generate local employment, promote economic development in tourist communities, improve the quality of life of local residents, increase the competitiveness of tourist destinations by attracting a growing segment of environmentally conscious travelers, and reduce long-term costs associated with energy [59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66].
The Gompertz model made it possible to fit the data from the 2008–2023 published documents; the estimated speed allows predicting the performance of the following years (Figure 1). Also, the exponential growth is indicative of the interest of the topic in the scientific community and of the stakeholders involved in promoting climate change mitigation, in this case the tourism industry.
It also enhances the resilience and energy security of tourism destinations by diversifying renewable energy sources [67,68,69]. Likewise, the adoption of renewable energy in tourism can foster innovation and the development of green technologies [70,71,72,73]. Finally, it is important to mention that implementing renewable energy in tourism destinations can help strengthen the sustainable identity of the destination as well as offer unique experiences to visitors, thus attracting a more environmentally conscious segment of tourists [74,75].
The role of countries in promoting public policies that encourage the application of renewable energy technologies for different sectors aims to increase competitiveness. Figure 2 shows the areas of knowledge that are related to renewable energy and tourism, where environmental areas are the most relevant; however, there is a continuous growth in the incorporation of economic, administrative, and social areas, which shows the positive relationship between the environment and income generation.
China is considered the country with the highest number of articles and references; the “Environmental Science and Pollution Research” journal is in Q1, which allows it to have international reach in the scientific community on the subject of study (Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5). The advantage of publishing in the English language and in a high-impact journal is that it allows for the dissemination of information due to the globalization of the scientific community.
To achieve all these benefits derived from implementing renewable energies and maximize them, it is necessary to move towards a more sustainable and responsible energy model in the tourism sector. According to Dredge and Jamal [70], this requires the approval by governments of policies and regulations that encourage investment in clean energy, as well as education and awareness-raising strategies for key players in this sector. In addition, companies in the tourism sector must face the challenge of integrating renewable energies in their sector, taking into account that on countless occasions they will have to deal with the lack of adequate infrastructure, high initial investment costs, dependence on variable weather conditions, the need for education and training for tourism staff, technological and integration limitations, appropriate regulations and policies, public perception and acceptance, etc. [76,77,78,79].
To overcome all these barriers and facilitate the transition to this type of energy, it is important to implement strategies by governments and the sector, such as the development of government policies and subsidies aimed at providing financial incentives and grants to reduce initial costs and encourage implementation. It is also important to implement training and education programs for human resources in the tourism sector, promote hybrid technologies, involve the local community and tourists in the planning and adoption of renewable energy projects to facilitate the acceptance of these energies, and, very importantly, encourage technological innovation through research and development to improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of renewable energies.
Renewable energy and tourism have a positive relationship with sustainable development and its associated economy. The use of renewable energy in the tourism sector could generate significant savings in operating costs. Figure 6 visualizes the integration of renewable energy in sustainable tourism and how energy savings can address the economic competitiveness of places that have clean energy as part of their environmental policy.
The application of bibliometric techniques, such as co-citation analysis and intellectual structure mapping, allows for the identification of the main research themes, emerging trends, and collaborative networks in this interdisciplinary field. These findings can serve as a basis for developing more robust conceptual frameworks to explain the mechanisms by which the adoption of renewable energy in the tourism sector can lead to greater environmental, economic, and social sustainability. In addition, the study of publication characteristics, such as paper types, journals, and institutional affiliations, can shed light on the communities that are driving research in this area and the knowledge networks that are forming at the international level. In this sense, the results of the present work can contribute to the theorization of the transition to low-carbon tourism and the identification of areas and trends in research that require further attention from the scientific community.
Likewise, the development of tourist destinations that incorporate renewable energies can foster a change in the perception of tourism, positioning it as a driver of sustainable development instead of an agent of environmental degradation. Finally, research into the synergies between tourism supply and renewable energies can open up new lines of research in the fields of ecotourism and sustainable tourism, promoting policies that favor the conservation of natural resources and the promotion of responsible practices among tourists.
Therefore, the use of clean energy has great potential to increase energy efficiency through measures such as lighting modifications, limiting consumption in rooms, and passive design of buildings. In tourism sectors located in rural areas, this could contribute to generating new income for local communities by conceiving rural areas as suppliers of renewable energy.

5. Conclusions

The aim of the work was to analyze the evolution of knowledge using a bibliometric analysis of the nexus between renewable energy and tourism, offering a visual representation of the scientific evolution of this field of study. The research is driven by the importance of these two sectors, renewable energies and the tourism sector, in the current context, in which concern for environmental sustainability and climate change is of vital importance. The following conclusions are derived from the bibliometric analysis:
(a)
The publication of articles is the preferred method of authors because it represents a greater reach in the scientific community and a higher number of citations per TC/TP paper.
(b)
From 2016 to 2023, the number of publications has grown exponentially due to the importance of renewable energy and tourism in countries seeking to achieve sustainable tourism.
(c)
China is the most productive country in terms of scientific publications.
(d)
The most relevant journals are “Environmental Science and Pollution Research”, “Environment Development and Sustainability”, and “Renewable Energy”.
(e)
A keyword and citation analysis of the study documents reveals future directions, beginning with “environmental economics”, “sustainable tourism”, and “carbon emissions”.
This paper makes the following contributions to the field of knowledge:
(a)
Identifies the role of renewable energy in tourism through bibliometric elements that allow us to verify how the field of study has changed over time.
(b)
Demonstrates how a search criterion visualizes the relationship between different economic sectors and fields of knowledge.
(c)
The document facilitates discourse among students, academics, and decision-makers regarding trends in renewable energy applied to tourism.
(d)
The Gompertz equation proposed to measure the rate of publication over time is a significant contribution to the field. It allows for the comparison of the potential and trend of countries in terms of publications. The speed at which publications are produced can be used to know if there is growth and to identify the direction of future trends.

Limitations

When selecting the database for the study, it is possible that papers of significance in the area of renewable energy and tourism were not considered due to the exclusion of other databases, such as Web of Science (WoS), from the research process.
For future research, it is proposed to use a comparative analysis of the topic with other databases, as well as to further investigate the economic impact of the implementation of renewable energy in the tourism sector.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, data gathering, simulations, numerical tests, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft preparation, and writing—review and editing: D.J.-I., M.E.P.-R., J.Á.-G. and M.d.l.C.d.R.-R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This publication has been funded by the Consejería de Economía, Ciencia y Agenda Digital de la Junta de Extremadura and by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union through the reference grant GR21161.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 1. Evolution of publications in the Scopus database on the topic of renewable energy and tourism. ○ indicates Scopus data, and the solid line indicates data fitting by the Gompertz model (0.1927 years−1 rate; 0.9431 coefficient of determination ( R 2 )).
Figure 1. Evolution of publications in the Scopus database on the topic of renewable energy and tourism. ○ indicates Scopus data, and the solid line indicates data fitting by the Gompertz model (0.1927 years−1 rate; 0.9431 coefficient of determination ( R 2 )).
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Figure 2. Chord diagram showing the cooperative relations between countries on the connection of the subject area, generated with Power BI software (Versión: 13.0.23776.64).
Figure 2. Chord diagram showing the cooperative relations between countries on the connection of the subject area, generated with Power BI software (Versión: 13.0.23776.64).
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Figure 3. Relationships between countries and journals.
Figure 3. Relationships between countries and journals.
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Figure 4. Chord diagram showing the citations in the most influential journals and countries.
Figure 4. Chord diagram showing the citations in the most influential journals and countries.
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Figure 5. Quartile of the most influential journals.
Figure 5. Quartile of the most influential journals.
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Figure 6. Keyword co-occurrence in the period from 2020 to 2023.
Figure 6. Keyword co-occurrence in the period from 2020 to 2023.
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Table 1. Document type and citation in renewable energy and tourism.
Table 1. Document type and citation in renewable energy and tourism.
RankDocument TypeTPRatio (%)TC (2008–2023)Ratio (%)TC/TP
1Article6977229896.433.4
2Conference paper1213642.75.3
3Book chapter5680.31.6
4Review44140.63.5
Our own elaboration with information from the Scopus database. TP—total publications; TC—total citations.
Table 2. Most cited documents on the topic of renewable energy and tourism.
Table 2. Most cited documents on the topic of renewable energy and tourism.
TCTitleJournalMain ObjectivesAuthors
204The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, C O 2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and tradeLatin American Economic ReviewAssesses the relevance of the link between tourism and renewable energy, exploring the causal relationships between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of 22 Central and South American countries, covering the period 1995–2010.[32]
169A nexus of linear and non-linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Theory and evidenceInternational Journal of Tourism ResearchThe objective of the paper was to evaluate the relationships between tourism development, clean energy consumption, and economic growth in countries such as the USA, France, Spain, China, Italy, Turkey, and Germany using the bootstrap panel Granger causality model.[33]
147Nexus between financial development, tourism, renewable energy, and greenhouse gas emission in high-income countries: A continent-wise analysisEnergy EconomicsIn 34 high-income nations across three continents (Asia, Europe, and America), this study examined the relationship between GHG emissions and tourism, the financial development index, energy usage, renewable energy, and commerce from 1995 to 2017. [34]
131Agricultural land usage and tourism impact on renewable energy consumption among Coastline Mediterranean CountriesEnergy and EnvironmentThis empirical study, which covers the years 1995–2014 in 16 coastal Mediterranean countries, attempts to look at the dynamic response of renewable energy consumption to long-run disequilibrium and short-run impacts of tourism development and agricultural land usage.[35]
114The roles of international tourism and renewable energy in environment: New evidence from Asian countriesRenewable EnergyAnalyzes the relationship between C O 2 emissions from ten countries located in Northeast and Southeast Asia to determine their interaction with energy (renewable and non-renewable) and tourism in the period 1995–2014.[36]
Our own elaboration with information from the Scopus database.
Table 3. Most important authors in the fields of renewable energy and tourism.
Table 3. Most important authors in the fields of renewable energy and tourism.
RankAuthorTPTCInstitutionsPeriodTC/TPRef.
1Balsalobre-Lorente Daniel4122Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain2020–202230.5[37,38,39]
2Leitão Nuno Carlos4220University of Évora, Evora, Portugal202055[38]
3Ali Qamar3315Virtual University of Pakistan, Faisalabad, Pakistan2018–2021105[34,42,43]
4Asmat-Campos David329Universidad Privada del Norte, Trujillo, Peru2019–20229.6[44,45,46]
5Calderón-Vargas Fátima329Universidad Privada del Norte, Trujillo, Peru2019–20229.6[44,45,46]
6Işık Cem3314Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskisehir, Turkey2017–2020104.6[33,47,48]
Our own elaboration with information from the Scopus database.
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Jiménez-Islas, D.; Pérez-Romero, M.E.; Álvarez-García, J.; del Río-Rama, M.d.l.C. Mapping Scientific Knowledge of Renewable Energy and Tourism. Sustainability 2024, 16, 6356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156356

AMA Style

Jiménez-Islas D, Pérez-Romero ME, Álvarez-García J, del Río-Rama MdlC. Mapping Scientific Knowledge of Renewable Energy and Tourism. Sustainability. 2024; 16(15):6356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156356

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiménez-Islas, Donaji, Miriam E. Pérez-Romero, José Álvarez-García, and María de la Cruz del Río-Rama. 2024. "Mapping Scientific Knowledge of Renewable Energy and Tourism" Sustainability 16, no. 15: 6356. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156356

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