Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Accelerate a Sustainable Energy Transition in Johor, Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Literature Review
- To provide valuable insights into the economic feasibility and technical compatibility of powering the Kulai residential district from renewable energy systems.
- To valorise palm biomass for energy generation, thereby promoting the circular economy of the palm oil industry.
- To demonstrate the utilisation of the HOMER tool for modelling biomass gasifiers as a potential technology in HRESs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Load Profile and Resource Data
2.3. Modelling HRES Components
2.3.1. Solar Photovoltaic
2.3.2. Biomass Gasifier
2.3.3. Power Converter
2.3.4. Battery
2.4. Economic of Optimisation
2.5. Constraints
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Economic Performance
3.2. Technical Performance
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Conclusions
5. Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Appliance Type | No. of Appliance | Rating (W) | Hourly Consumption (W) | Total kWh/day |
---|---|---|---|---|
Compact fluorescent lamp | 7 | 40 | 280 | 1.640 |
Ceiling fan | 1 | 55 | 55 | 0.770 |
Air conditioner | 3 | 750 | 2250 | 9.000 |
Phone charger | 4 | 18 | 72 | 0.072 |
Laptop | 1 | 50 | 50 | 0.100 |
Television | 1 | 120 | 120 | 1.320 |
Refrigerator | 1 | 200 | 200 | 4.800 |
Kettle | 1 | 1000 | 1000 | 1.500 |
Rice cooker | 1 | 650 | 650 | 0.650 |
Washing machine | 1 | 500 | 500 | 0.500 |
Total | 5177 | 20.352 |
Month | Clearness Index | Average Solar GHI (kWh/m2/day) | Average Ambient Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
January | 0.494 | 4.881 | 25.47 |
February | 0.531 | 5.460 | 25.79 |
March | 0.522 | 5.476 | 26.55 |
April | 0.512 | 5.255 | 27.34 |
May | 0.497 | 4.868 | 27.45 |
June | 0.509 | 4.824 | 27.06 |
July | 0.491 | 4.715 | 26.59 |
August | 0.489 | 4.905 | 26.52 |
September | 0.492 | 5.092 | 26.60 |
October | 0.509 | 5.223 | 26.76 |
November | 0.468 | 4.646 | 26.39 |
December | 0.481 | 4.674 | 25.76 |
FFB 2020 | FFB 2021 | FFB 2022 | FFB Average 2020–2022 | EFB (wet) | EFB (dry) | EFB (dry/ day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | 940,263 | 927,361 | 975,030 | 947,551 | 208,461 | 72,961 | 2354 |
February | 1,141,258 | 906,399 | 988,675 | 1,012,111 | 222,664 | 77,933 | 2783 |
March | 1,182,731 | 1,203,375 | 1,219,022 | 1,201,709 | 264,376 | 92,532 | 2985 |
April | 1,407,185 | 1,263,728 | 1,228,701 | 1,299,871 | 285,972 | 100,090 | 3336 |
May | 1,361,246 | 1,241,030 | 1,247,160 | 1,283,145 | 282,292 | 98,802 | 3187 |
June | 1,685,240 | 1,278,675 | 1,341,022 | 1,434,979 | 315,695 | 110,493 | 3683 |
July | 1,570,828 | 1,323,265 | 1,353,206 | 1,415,766 | 311,469 | 109,014 | 3517 |
August | 1,552,713 | 1,384,916 | 1,409,494 | 1,449,041 | 318,789 | 111,576 | 3599 |
September | 1,553,053 | 1,315,201 | 1,431,185 | 1,433,146 | 315,292 | 110,352 | 3678 |
October | 1,358,064 | 1,329,658 | 1,441,709 | 1,376,477 | 302,825 | 105,989 | 3419 |
November | 1,248,860 | 1,259,877 | 1,347,453 | 1,285,397 | 282,787 | 98,976 | 3299 |
December | 1,110,630 | 1,125,419 | 1,337,570 | 1,191,206 | 262,065 | 91,723 | 2959 |
TOTAL | 16,112,071 | 14,558,904 | 15,320,227 | 15,330,401 | 3,372,688 | 1,180,441 | 38,800 |
Component | Model | Cost (USD) | Replacement Cost (USD) | O&M Cost (USD) | Lifetime (years) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PV | Panasonic VBHN340SA17 | 1100/kW | 1100/kW | 10/kW/yr | 25 |
Biomass gasifier | Biogas downdraft | 3000/kW | 1250/kW | 0.1/kW/h | 20,000 h |
Battery | 1 kWh Li-ion | 600/unit | 600/unit | 10/yr | 15 |
Converter | Leonics MTP-413F 25 kW | 200/kW | 200/kW | 0 | 20 |
Feasible Options | System Configurations | Economic Performance | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PV | BG | Battery | Converter | Total NPC (USD) | LCOE (USD/kWh) | Initial Capital (USD/yr) | Operating Cost (USD/yr) | |
1 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 44,596,990 | 0.2364 | 16,787,825 | 938,488 |
2 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 61,726,390 | 0.3272 | 8,868,350 | 1,783,822 | |
3 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 65,523,890 | 0.3476 | 37,728,454 | 938,024 | |
4 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 102,944,100 | 0.5457 | 16,979,825 | 2,901,074 | |
5 | ✓ | 126,627,300 | 0.6713 | 7,200,000 | 4,030,364 |
Description | Units | System 1 | System 2 | System 3 | System 4 | System 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PV + BG + batt + conv | BG + batt + conv | PV + batt + conv | PV + BG + conv | BG | ||
Solar PV | kW | 4075 | - | 16,988 | 8721 | - |
Biomass gasifier | kW | 2100 | 2400 | - | 2400 | 2400 |
Battery 1 kWh Li | unit | 9363 | 2336 | 30,103 | - | - |
Converter | kW | 1939 | 1334 | 4898 | 934 | - |
Tariff—Domestic | Rate (USD/kWh) |
---|---|
1–200 kWh | 0.046 |
201–300 kWh | 0.071 |
301–600 kWh | 0.110 |
601–900 kWh | 0.120 |
901 kWh~ | 0.120 |
Description | Units | System 1 | System 2 | System 3 | System 4 | System 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PV + BG + batt + conv | BG + batt + conv | PV + batt + conv | PV + BG + conv | BG | ||
PV electricity production | kWh/yr | 6,020,427 | - | 25,100,133 | 12,885,354 | - |
BG electricity production | kWh/yr | 3,286,257 | 6,737,377 | - | 8,811,960 | 11,958,360 |
Total feedstock consumed | tonnes | 3160 | 6473 | - | 8720 | 11,881 |
BG operation hours | hrs/yr | 1659 | 2920 | - | 6138 | 8760 |
Battery autonomy | hr | 9.02 | 2.25 | 29.0 | - | - |
Excess electricity | kWh/yr | 2,613,329 | 0 | 17,932,330 | 15,297,467 | 5,592,132 |
Unmet electric load | kWh/yr | 121 | 0 | 5128 | 0 | 0 |
Capacity shortage | kWh/yr | 6341 | 0 | 6329 | 0 | 0 |
No. | Parameter | Unit | Variables | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Biomass price | USD/tonne | 62.5 | 10 | 52.9 |
2 | Expected inflation rate | % | 3.4 | 1 | 7 |
3 | Nominal discount rate | % | 2.09 | 1 | 5 |
4 | PV capital cost | USD/kW | 1100 | 990 | 1210 |
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Yew, P.J.; Chaulagain, D.; Same, N.N.; Park, J.; Lim, J.-O.; Huh, J.-S. Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Accelerate a Sustainable Energy Transition in Johor, Malaysia. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177856
Yew PJ, Chaulagain D, Same NN, Park J, Lim J-O, Huh J-S. Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Accelerate a Sustainable Energy Transition in Johor, Malaysia. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177856
Chicago/Turabian StyleYew, Pei Juan, Deepak Chaulagain, Noel Ngando Same, Jaebum Park, Jeong-Ok Lim, and Jeung-Soo Huh. 2024. "Optimal Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Accelerate a Sustainable Energy Transition in Johor, Malaysia" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177856