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Article

Sustainable Hygiene Solutions: Developing a Foot-Operated Door Mechanism for Communal Spaces Using TRIZ and Universal Design Principles

by
Kai-Chao Yao
1,2,
Chun-Nu Cheng
1,3,
Kuo-Yi Li
4,5,
Jing-Ran Xu
1,6,
Wei-Lun Huang
1,7,
Wei-Sho Ho
1,8,*,
Chin-Wen Liao
1,9,*,
Shu-Chen Yang
10,
Hui-Ling Hsiao
10,
Yin-Chi Lin
10 and
Ching-Yi Lai
10,11,12
1
Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education Bao-Shan Campus, No. 2, Shi-Da Rd., Changhua City 500208, Taiwan
2
Kenda Cultural and Educational Foundation, No. 146, Sec. 1, Zhongshan Rd., Yuanlin City 510037, Taiwan
3
Taichung Municipal Feng-Tong Junior High School, No. 75, Fengdong Rd., Fengyuan Dist., Taichung City 420307, Taiwan
4
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, No. 57, Sec. 2, Zhongshan Rd., Taiping Dist., Taichung City 411030, Taiwan
5
Society of Innovative Education and Technology, No. 164-1, Yanji St., Da’an Dist., Taipei City 106062, Taiwan
6
Sheng Jen Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 49, Aly. 2, Ln. 226, Sec. 1, Zhongzheng Rd., Changhua City 500004, Taiwan
7
Medical Affairs Office, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100225, Taiwan
8
NCUE Alumni Association, National Changhua University of Education Jin-De Campus, No. 1, Jinde Rd., Changhua City 500207, Taiwan
9
Center of Teacher Education, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402202, Taiwan
10
Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 666, Buzi Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung City 406053, Taiwan
11
College of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112304, Taiwan
12
School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City 114201, Taiwan
 
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Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8415; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198415
Submission received: 11 July 2024 / Revised: 6 September 2024 / Accepted: 13 September 2024 / Published: 27 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
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Abstract

:
Traditional door mechanisms in public spaces, such as knob locks and standard handles, require manual contact, making them prone to contamination and posing significant health risks. To address the critical need for a safer and more hygienic solution, this study aimed to develop an innovative foot-operated door mechanism that is accessible and intuitive for all users. The study applies the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), ergonomic principles, and universal design to develop the foot-operated mechanism, while using Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) and the Kano model to evaluate user satisfaction and identify design improvements. The foot-operated mechanism developed in this study features internal and external pedals for seamless door operation, a secure locking system, and color-coded indicators for clear occupancy status communication, ensuring both ease of use and privacy. The design significantly enhances hygiene by minimizing manual contact and improves user convenience, as confirmed through the IPA-Kano analysis. This mechanism not only provides a practical and effective solution to contamination risks but also demonstrates versatility, making it suitable for various public spaces and accessible to a wide range of users. This study represents a significant contribution to public infrastructure by providing a safer, more hygienic, and sustainable solution for door operation in public spaces.

1. Introduction

Door handles in public environments, such as restrooms, hospitals, and residential facilities, are high-contact surfaces frequently subjected to significant bacterial contamination. In domestic settings, these handles are touched multiple times daily by all household members, functioning as vectors for pathogens and debris introduced from external environments. Despite their critical role in public health, these surfaces are often overlooked in routine sanitation practices [1,2,3]. The risk is further amplified in public settings where users remain unaware of prior contact and the potential contaminants left behind. This scenario underscores the necessity for innovative solutions that minimize direct contact with door handles, thereby enhancing hygiene and reducing the transmission of harmful microorganisms [4]. Conventional door mechanisms in public spaces, such as knob locks and standard handles, require direct manual interaction, thus increasing the likelihood of contamination and posing a health risk. Although foot-operated door systems have been deployed, their use is largely restricted to specialized environments such as hospital operating rooms and laboratories, where they are operated by trained personnel. The lack of intuitiveness and general accessibility limits their widespread adoption in public spaces.
This study proposes the development of an innovative foot-operated door system to meet the need for a safer and more hygienic solution. The design and development process is grounded in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), a systematic methodology that facilitates the resolution of inherent contradictions in the design process [5,6]. TRIZ, pioneered by Genrich Altshuller, draws on an extensive patent analysis to identify universal principles that underpin innovative solutions, thereby providing a robust framework for addressing complex design challenges [7,8,9,10]. This approach ensures the door mechanism meets functional requirements while adhering to sustainable design principles [11,12,13,14].
The design incorporates ergonomic principles to enhance user convenience, reduce physical strain, and improve efficiency and safety, ensuring it is informed by a comprehensive understanding of human capabilities, limitations, and interactions with the environment [15,16,17,18]. Integrating universal design principles further improves accessibility, ensuring the foot-operated mechanism is usable for individuals with varying physical abilities. Universal design aims to create products and environments that accommodate all users without the need for specialized adaptation [19,20,21]. Universal design consists of seven principles: equitable use, flexibility in use, simple and intuitive, tolerance for error, and low physical effort, size and space for approach and use. The integration of these principles is critical in promoting inclusivity and ensuring that the mechanism can be seamlessly adopted in diverse public environments. To validate the design and assess user satisfaction, this study employs the integrated Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) and the Kano model. The IPA-Kano model offers a nuanced approach to evaluating service quality by addressing the limitations of traditional satisfaction models. It combines the evaluative criteria of satisfaction and importance from the IPA framework with the quality attribute classification from the Kano model, providing a comprehensive analysis of user perceptions [22,23,24,25,26,27]. This model facilitates the identification of key attributes that influence user satisfaction, thereby guiding the refinement of the door mechanism design to ensure it meets both functional and user-centric requirements.
This study aims to develop a foot-operated door mechanism that enhances hygiene and accessibility in public spaces, addressing the growing need for a safer alternative to traditional door systems. By reducing direct contact with door handles, it addresses contamination risks while supporting sustainability through the lower use of cleaning agents and water, contributing to safer and more eco-friendly public spaces.

2. Materials and Methods

This study employed the TRIZ methodology, universal design principles, and human factors engineering to develop the foot-operated door mechanism. The TRIZ methodology uses 39 engineering parameters (Appendix A) and 40 inventive principles (Appendix B) to guide the design process [28,29]. Potential issues and areas for improvement were identified and mapped using the TRIZ contradiction matrix, ensuring that the final design addressed both functional and ergonomic requirements. Engineering parameters that required improvement or had potential defects were identified and mapped onto the contradiction matrix. The intersections of these parameters revealed relevant inventive principles, which were then prioritized to resolve design contradictions. This approach produced a matrix that systematically guided the exploration of creative solutions, balancing conflicting needs and overcoming design trade-offs. Furthermore, universal design principles were incorporated to ensure the practicality and manufacturability of the solution. Human factors engineering was integrated into the design process, focusing on ergonomics, safety, and ease of maintenance. This comprehensive approach combined a rigorous analysis with creative problem-solving, aiming to generate an innovative foot-operated door mechanism optimized for user interaction and practical implementation.

2.1. Implementation of TRIZ Method for Foot-Operated Door Mechanism

2.1.1. Design of a Foot-Operated Internal Switch Device for Doors Using TRIZ

In developing the foot-operated door mechanism, key improvement parameters were identified based on the need for simplicity, ease of use, and effective force application. These parameters included the weight of moving objects (no. 1), force (no. 10), and ease of operation (no. 33). By focusing on these aspects, the design aimed to allow users to open and close the door with minimal effort while ensuring the latch mechanism could efficiently release and return the door to its closed position automatically.
1. No. 1 (weight of moving object): The mass of a substance in a gravitational field. The force exerted by an object on its support or suspension, or the force exerted on a plane.
2. No. 10 (force): The measure of interaction between systems. In Newtonian physics: force = mass × acceleration. In TRIZ, force refers to the interaction intended to change the state of an object.
3. No. 33 (ease of operation): Simplifying a process is challenging if it requires many people, numerous steps, or special tools. Generally, difficult processes reduce productivity, while easy processes increase productivity and ensure correct execution.
To avoid potential deterioration in the rebound mechanism, additional TRIZ parameters were considered, such as energy required for moving the object (no. 19), energy consumption (no. 22), and system complexity (no. 36). These parameters guided the design to reduce energy loss and system complexity while maintaining functionality.
1. No. 19 (energy required for moving object): The measure of an object’s ability to perform work. In classical mechanics, work is the product of force and displacement. This includes the ability of the higher-level system to provide energy (e.g., electrical or thermal) to perform specific tasks.
2. No. 22 (energy consumption): The use of energy that does not contribute to work. Reducing energy loss sometimes requires different technologies to improve energy usage.
3. No. 36 (system complexity): The number of elements within a system and the variability of relationships between elements. The complexity of the system can increase due to a single component, and mastering this complexity can be seen as a measure of system complexity.
Based on the results of the contradiction matrix corresponding to the 40 inventive principles, three principles emerged as particularly relevant for the development of the foot-operated internal switch device: shape (Principle 19), prior action (Principle 10), and discarding and recovering (Principle 34). The technical contradiction matrix is shown in Table 1. Shape (Principle 19) plays a crucial role in ensuring that the external contour of the foot-operated switch is ergonomically optimized for user interaction. By refining the shape of the pedal to conform to the natural positioning and movement of the foot, the design can enhance comfort and reduce the likelihood of user error. Prior action (Principle 10) suggests that it is primed and ready to activate as soon as the user makes contact with the pedal. This principle enhances operational efficiency by reducing the time and effort required for the door to respond to the user’s input, thereby improving the overall user experience. Discarding and recovering (Principle 34) advocates for the elimination of unnecessary components or functions within the system, thereby simplifying the internal mechanism. This principle ensures that the design remains focused on its core functionality while minimizing complexity and potential points of failure.

2.1.2. Design of a Foot-Operated External Switch Device for Doors Using TRIZ

For the foot-operated external switch of the door, we considered the burden of the pedal’s weight on the user. To improve the design, we aimed to ensure that the size, weight, and usability of the pedal switch would not significantly increase due to the added components. Therefore, we selected the weight of moving objects, shape, and ease of operation as the key improvement points. Additionally, considering the convenience for various users, ease of operation was also used as a basis for improvement.
1. No. 1 (weight of moving object): the weight of a moving object.
2. No. 12 (shape): the external contour or appearance of a system.
3. No. 33 (ease of operation): Simplifying a process is challenging if it requires many people, numerous steps, or special tools. Generally, difficult processes lower productivity, while easy processes increase productivity and ensure correct execution.
For the parameters to avoid deterioration in the foot-operated external switch device, we aimed to reduce or avoid the user’s burden when pressing the pedal and to prevent the pedal from inadvertently tripping the user.
1. No. 22 (energy consumption): the use of energy that does not contribute to the operation of the system or object itself, causing energy loss.
2. No. 31 (harmful side effects): harmful side effects generated by the operation of parts of an object or system, which can reduce the efficiency or quality of the material or system functions.
3. No. 36 (complexity of the system): the number of components that make up the object or system and the variability between the components.
Based on the results of the contradiction matrix corresponding to the 40 inventive principles, the development of the foot-operated external switch device was significantly guided by three key principles: segmentation (Principle 1), parameter changes (Principle 35), and periodic action (Principle 19), as shown in Table 2. Segmentation (Principle 1) was applied by breaking down the design of the external switch into smaller, more manageable components. This approach allowed for the optimization of each individual part of the switch, ensuring that the overall system remained lightweight and easy to operate. Parameter changes (Principle 35) informed the design modifications that were necessary to improve the switch’s performance under varying conditions. This principle was crucial in adjusting the weight, size, and operational force of the switch, allowing it to cater to a wider range of users with different physical capabilities. Periodic action (Principle 19) was utilized to ensure that the switch’s operation could be smooth and consistent over repeated use. The application of periodic action enhances the device’s reliability and efficiency, making it more user-friendly in day-to-day applications.

2.1.3. Design of an External Display Device for Door Usage Using TRIZ

When designing an external display device for use with a door, it is essential to consider that the user inside the room must press a pedal to lock the door. The design must minimize the force required to use the pedal, ensure sufficient reliability to clearly indicate the door’s status to people outside with a single press, and provide ease of use. Thus, force, reliability, and ease of operation were selected as the key improvement parameters.
1. No. 10 (force): the interaction between systems.
2. No. 27 (reliability): the ability of an object or system to perform its required functions over a specified period.
3. No. 33 (ease of operation): Simplifying a process is challenging if it requires many people, numerous steps, or special tools. Generally, difficult processes lower productivity, while easy processes increase productivity and ensure correct execution.
For the parameters to avoid deterioration in the pedal design, the energy required to move objects was considered to reduce the force needed to press the pedal, preventing long-term physical strain. Regarding harmful side effects, the external display must protect privacy by clearly indicating the door’s status to visitors, with a larger display panel outside and an additional lock inside to enhance user safety. The complexity should remain as per the original design, ensuring the addition of the pedal does not complicate the overall mechanism.
1. No. 19 (energy required for moving object): The energy required to change the spatial position of an object without any external force. Generally, it refers to the energy used under certain conditions.
2. No. 31 (Harmful side effects): harmful side effects generated by the operation of parts of an object or system, which can reduce the efficiency or quality of the material or system functions.
3. No. 36 (Complexity of the system): the number of components that make up the object or system and the variability between the components.
Based on the results of the contradiction matrix corresponding to the 40 inventive principles, the development of the foot-operated external switch device was significantly informed by three primary principles: copying (Principle 26), parameter changes (Principle 35), and another dimension (Principle 17). The technical contradiction matrix is shown in Table 3. Copying (Principle 26) was employed in the design process to replicate successful elements from existing mechanisms, thereby enhancing the reliability and functionality of the foot-operated switch. For example, the concept of using color indicators on restroom doors to signify occupancy was adapted to the foot-operated switch mechanism. As previously mentioned, parameter changes (Principle 35) allowed for fine-tuning aspects like operational force and energy consumption, ensuring the switch’s adaptability and efficiency across diverse user needs. Another dimension (Principle 17) guided the exploration of innovative approaches to reduce the complexity and potential harmful side effects of the switch. By considering alternative dimensions or perspectives in the design—such as incorporating additional functionalities or altering the spatial configuration—the development team was able to create a more versatile and user-friendly device.

2.2. Implementation of Ergonomics and Universal Design for Foot-Operated Door Mechanism

The design of the foot-operated door mechanism integrated both ergonomic principles and universal design methodologies to create a product that is accessible, intuitive, and user-friendly across a diverse population. The goal was to accommodate users of all ages, abilities, and physical conditions, ensuring that the mechanism can be operated comfortably and efficiently by everyone.
The internal and external foot pedal switches were designed with careful consideration of anthropometric data, particularly focusing on the height of the knee’s upper edge, to determine the optimal pedal height. This design choice aligned with the principles of universal design, specifically “Size and Space for Approach and Use”, ensuring that the pedal height was appropriate for a wide range of users, from children to the elderly, without requiring significant physical effort.
For the external foot pedal switch, the design incorporated a sloped surface, facilitating easy foot operation and reducing the strain on users’ hands. This aligned with the universal design principle of “Flexibility in Use”, allowing users to operate the door without the need for hands, thereby accommodating individuals with varying physical capabilities, such as those carrying items or with limited hand dexterity.
Additionally, the external display device leveraged visual coding to indicate the door’s lock status, using red and green indicators to signal “stop” and “go”, respectively. This feature applied the universal design principle of “Perceptible Information”, ensuring that the necessary information was communicated effectively to all users, regardless of their sensory abilities. By minimizing the need for additional confirmation actions, the design enhanced accessibility and usability for all individuals.
This comprehensive approach, combining ergonomics and universal design, ensured that the foot-operated door mechanism was not only ergonomic but also inclusive, providing an intuitive and accessible solution for a broad spectrum of users.

2.3. Survey Design

To assess the value proposition of this product, this study employed the SERVQUAL scale as its theoretical framework. This scale encompasses five dimensions: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy [30]. The questionnaire design for this investigation was based on the SERVQUAL scale, with the foot-operated door mechanism design serving as the focal point for item development. To ensure content validity, five experts—comprising academic professors, manufacturing professionals, and industry vendors—were invited to participate in interviews for questionnaire refinement and adjustment. The study utilized two analytical approaches: the Kano model, a two-dimensional quality assessment tool, and the Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) for practical design evaluation. Importance and satisfaction levels were evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating the lowest level of importance or satisfaction, and 5 indicating the highest. This scale was employed to gauge the perceived value and effectiveness of the design features from the participants’ perspectives.

3. Results

3.1. Structure of the Foot-Operated Door Mechanism

This study primarily elucidated the innovative design and practical application of a door switch integrated with a foot pedal, spring, pulley system, and usage method. Utilizing the TRIZ technical contradiction matrix for engineering parameter analysis and evaluating the overall design against the seven principles of universal design, modifications and adjustments to the components were made, followed by the creation of a prototype. The foot pedal mechanism was analyzed and designed using human factors engineering techniques, ultimately resulting in an optimal product that combined the foot pedal, door, rope, pulleys, and spring. Through continuous discussion and research, we identified the most suitable components and iteratively tested the design to verify that the innovative structure and parts of the switch met the anticipated convenience and safety outcomes.
Our research found that most door switches, beyond assisting individuals with mobility impairments, offered additional functionalities such as hands-free operation for those carrying objects, preventing contact infection, and providing status indicators. However, we believe that “safety” and “convenience” should be the primary focus. This study used commonly available doors, identifying and integrating the main functions of various mechanisms and components. We designed a mechanism capable of quickly changing direction and force, enhancing stability with sleeves and fasteners, and incorporating a quick-rebound spring mechanism. This foot-operated anti-infection door opening device was tailored to meet user needs, ensuring undeniable stability and safety.
When the internal foot pedal for door opening is pressed, it triggers a pulley system designed to retract the horizontal door bolt by pulling the bolt push block. This action disengages the lock mechanism, allowing the door to be released. Simultaneously, the energy stored in the spiral spring is released, which pushes the door open smoothly. The spring sleeve and associated components ensure that the door opens at a controlled speed, preventing abrupt movement.
Figure 1 illustrates the door-opening mode. The internal foot pedal initiates the opening sequence, while the external pedal can also be used to unlock and open the door from the outside. Both pedals operate the same pulley system, ensuring that the door can be opened from either side with ease and hygiene.
For door closing, as depicted in Figure 2, the process is similarly controlled by foot pedals. When the internal or external closing pedal is pressed, the coil spring mechanism within the spring base is engaged. This mechanism retracts, pulling the door back into the closed position. The color block cover plate and display color block provide visual feedback, indicating whether the door is securely locked or unlocked.
The integration of the pulley system and spring mechanism ensures that the door can be opened and closed with minimal effort, providing a hygienic, hands-free operation ideal for public spaces where contamination risks must be minimized.

3.2. Component Overview of the Foot-Operated Mechanism

This foot-operated mechanism exemplified a robust and hygienic solution for door operation, incorporating multiple components that worked in unison to allow for effortless and sanitary access in public spaces. Each component is explained as follows.

3.2.1. Spring Housing Assembly

Figure 3 illustrates the structure and function of the spring housing assembly. This assembly primarily consists of the following components: a spring cover, spring rotor, coil spring, spring housing, spring base, and various fixing screws. The spring cover and rotor work together to enclose the coil spring, preventing it from moving or deforming. The coil spring provides the necessary force to allow the device to return to its initial position automatically after operation. The spring housing and base ensure the entire spring system is securely anchored within the mechanism, maintaining its stability. The fixing screws are used to tightly connect these components, preventing loosening due to vibrations or external forces.

3.2.2. Indicator Block Assembly

Figure 4 illustrates the structure and function of the indicator block assembly. This assembly primarily consists of an indicator block, an indicator push plate, an indicator cover, and the corresponding fixing screws. The purpose of the indicator block is to visually display the operational status of the device through a change in color. The indicator push plate is responsible for moving the indicator block into the correct position to display the desired color. The indicator cover protects the indicator block from external impacts or contamination.

3.2.3. External Pedal for Horizontal Lock

This component includes an external sleeve, a pedal pin, a torsion spring for the pedal, and an outer sleeve for actuation. The primary function of this mechanism is to enable the operation of the horizontal lock. When external force is applied, the pedal drives the actuation sleeve to rotate, allowing the lock to be opened or closed. The pedal pin and torsion spring provide damping and a return force, ensuring smoothness and accuracy in operation, as shown in Figure 5.

3.2.4. External Door Pedal and Connection Sleeve

This component primarily consists of the external door pedal, protective sleeve, connection sleeve for external door, anti-slip rod for the pedal, and the opening pedal itself. This component is responsible for controlling the operation of the external door. When the user steps on the external pedal, the connection sleeve drives the pedal to rotate, thereby unlocking the door. The protective sleeve prevents environmental factors from damaging the mechanism, ensuring long-term stability, while the anti-slip rod prevents unnecessary sliding to maintain a stable door opening process, as shown in Figure 6.

3.2.5. External Pedal Mechanism

The external pedal mechanism consists of an external pedal for opening, a push button, a pedal for door opening and horizontal lock, a push block, and an external shaft sleeve. This mechanism is primarily used to drive the push block by stepping on the external pedal, thereby controlling the door opening and horizontal door lock. The angle design of the push block ensures accurate force transmission during the stepping process, ensuring stable door lock operation, as shown in Figure 7.

3.2.6. External Door Rotary Mechanism

The external door rotary mechanism includes components such as an external door pedal, latch, color block push plate, screws for fixing the color block push plate, external door shaft, external shaft sleeve, and a rotary spring. This mechanism operates the door’s opening and closing through the action of the rotary spring when force is applied to the external pedal. The precise structure of the color block push plate and fixing screws ensures a smooth rotation and accurate positioning, enhancing the overall reliability and durability of the door control system, as shown in Figure 8.

3.2.7. Door-Opening Pulley Assembly

The door-opening pulley assembly consists of a pulley, a pulley sleeve, and fixing screws. The pulley is the core component of this assembly, primarily used during the door opening process to ensure smooth sliding. The pulley sleeve provides support and stability to the pulley, preventing any misalignment or wobbling during operation. The fixing screws securely attach the pulley and sleeve to the door, ensuring the system’s stability and reliability during use. This assembly was designed to provide a low-friction mechanism, allowing users to easily open the door with foot operation. Such a design is particularly important in applications requiring frequent use and high reliability. The assembly is shown in Figure 9.

3.2.8. Horizontal Latch Mechanism

The horizontal latch mechanism consists of a horizontal latch rod, a compression spring, and a latch cover. The horizontal latch rod is the primary element, designed to engage with the locking slot to secure the door in place. The compression spring is mounted around the rod, providing the necessary force to push the latch into the locking position automatically when the door is closed. The latch cover encases the entire assembly, protecting the internal components from dust and debris, ensuring long-term durability and consistent operation. This mechanism is critical in applications where secure closure and ease of operation are required, such as in foot-operated doors where the latch must reliably engage without manual intervention. The mechanism is shown in Figure 10.

3.3. Design of the Pedal Latch Mechanism

The side-lock mechanism, similar to a deadbolt lock, is transferred to the pedal position. To secure the door most conveniently, a latch and a foot-operated push block are used, integrating the operation with the door-opening action. A cam slider mechanism is employed, with a hole in the protective sleeve allowing the latch to extend from the side of the pedal. This locks the door-opening pedal, ensuring that once the inner door and horizontal door bolts are secured by the pedal, the external door-opening pedal cannot be used, achieving the desired effect. To release the pedal, simply step on the cam formed by the latch push block to push the latch out of the protective sleeve. This is shown in Figure 11.

3.4. Overview of the Foot-Operated Mechanism Design

The foot-operated door switch device was designed to prevent germ transmission in communal spaces through hands-free operation, as depicted in the exploded view in Figure 12. This mechanism integrates a dual-pedal system, comprising an inner and outer foot pedal, both of which are connected to an intricate assembly of springs, pulleys, and locking components. Depressing either pedal triggers a pulley mechanism that interacts with a coil spring within a spring sleeve, ultimately retracting the horizontal door bolt via the bolt push block. This sequence unlocks the door, allowing it to open. Furthermore, the design includes a color block cover plate and a display color block, which visually indicate the door’s status (open or closed) and are synchronized with the locking and unlocking mechanism driven by the foot pedals. This comprehensive design underscores the device’s role in promoting hygiene and ease of use.

3.5. Application of Universal Design Principles

The foot-operated door switch device described in the previous section exemplifies the application of universal design principles, which are critical in creating products and environments that are usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. Below is an analysis of how the design adheres to these principles:
1. Equitable use: The design ensures that the door can be operated by anyone, regardless of their physical abilities. By eliminating the need for hand contact, it caters to individuals with limited hand mobility or those concerned with hygiene, thus providing a safer and more inclusive solution.
2. Flexibility in use: The dual-pedal system offers users the option to use either foot for operation, accommodating both left- and right-footed individuals and those with different preferences or physical conditions. This adaptability increases the ease of use across a wide demographic.
3. Simple and intuitive use: The mechanism is straightforward, requiring only the depression of a pedal to unlock the door. The synchronization of the color block with the locking mechanism provides a clear, visual indication of the door’s status, further enhancing user understanding and interaction.
4. Perceptible information: The visual cues provided by the color block cover plate and display color block ensure that users can easily determine whether the door is locked or unlocked. This feature is particularly beneficial for individuals with cognitive disabilities or those unfamiliar with the system.
5. Tolerance for error: The system is designed to be forgiving of unintentional actions. The use of durable materials and a reliable locking mechanism minimizes the likelihood of accidental door unlocking or locking, thus preventing potential safety issues.
6. Low physical effort: The foot-operated mechanism requires minimal physical effort to engage, which is especially important for individuals with limited strength or endurance. The use of pulleys and springs within the assembly ensures that the force needed to unlock the door is kept to a minimum.
7. Size and space for approach and use: The pedals are strategically placed to be easily accessible by users of various statures and abilities, including those who use mobility aids. The clear space around the pedals ensures that they can be operated without obstruction.
By integrating these universal design principles, the foot-operated door switch device not only enhances usability and accessibility but also promotes public health by reducing the need for hand contact in communal spaces. The thoughtful consideration of diverse user needs ensures that this mechanism is both practical and inclusive, making it an exemplary model of design innovation in public health infrastructure.

3.6. Combination Analysis of IPA and KANO Models for Various Services of Foot-Operated Door Mechanism Design

This study investigated the impact of the pedal door mechanism design on overall importance and satisfaction levels. The analysis covered five major dimensions, with the overall average importance rated at 4.547 and satisfaction at 3.896.
Based on the survey data, a total of 220 responses were collected, comprising 115 male and 105 female participants. The characteristics of the respondents, including age, education level, monthly income, and occupation, are presented in Table 4. This study integrated the Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) method with the Kano model. A cross-analysis was conducted between the distribution of service items within each quadrant of the IPA and their corresponding Kano quality elements to identify the key factors in product design that genuinely affect customer satisfaction. The IPA-Kano model analysis revealed key insights into the perceived importance and performance of various service quality items related to the development of a foot-operated door mechanism for communal spaces. Quadrant I highlighted attributes that were both highly important and well performed, such as the enhancement of overall hygiene in public spaces and the convenience of the mechanism compared to traditional door handles. These aspects were crucial for maintaining the effectiveness of the design. Quadrant II included items that, despite being well performed, had lower importance, indicating areas where resources might be optimized. Quadrant III identified potential areas for future improvement, particularly the need for public spaces to be equipped with foot-operated door mechanisms, which, while moderately important, were underperforming at the time. Finally, Quadrant IV pointed out major deficiencies that required immediate attention, such as preventing accidental operation and ensuring the design was easy to maintain and clean, as depicted in Figure 13. These findings emphasize the critical areas for improvement to achieve a sustainable and user-friendly solution.

4. Discussion

In the post-pandemic era, hospitals are increasingly prioritizing building and space designs that enhance infection control, recognizing its critical role in ensuring a clean and safe environment for both patients and staff. This focus extends to the adoption of innovative features such as foot-operated handles, which minimize hand contact and reduce the risk of contamination [31]. However, research and design concerning foot-operated door openers for public spaces, intended for use by non-specific individuals, remain limited. While some studies have addressed hygiene issues with foot-operated mechanisms, these designs often do not emphasize universality and convenience. For example, one study integrated a foot pedal mechanism at the bottom of the door, requiring continuous action to open it [32]. Most foot-operated controllers are designed for specialized environments, such as hospital operating rooms, where they control doors, faucets, and even interact with medical equipment to maintain a sterile environment. While foot-operated mechanisms are effectively utilized in specific environments like operating rooms, their application in public spaces remains underexplored. The challenge lies in developing designs that not only meet hygiene standards but also ensure ease of use and accessibility for a broader audience [33,34].
The aim of this study was to address the issue of bacterial contamination on door handles in public spaces due to hygiene and habit-related concerns, as well as the inconvenience of having to place items on the floor to open doors when hands are full. Based on this research background and motivation, our project team utilized the TRIZ methodology, universal design principles, and ergonomics to design mechanisms that were simple to operate, offered high safety, and were convenient.
  • Design of Spring Mechanism for Automatic Door Closure:
Our study incorporated a spiral spring mechanism along with fixed pulleys. Simply pressing down on the pedal and pushing the push block on the pedal latch mechanism allowed the inner door-opening pedal to be activated. This reduced the need for users to perform an additional pushing action to open the door and eliminated the burden of pushing when entering, ensuring smooth and effortless operation.
2.
Design of Door Bolt Fasteners:
In the closed-door state, our study employed the door-opening pedal mechanism to retract the horizontal door bolt away from the rounded latch on the door’s side. This effectively enhanced stability and significantly increased safety. Conversely, during the door-closing action, our study utilized the horizontal door bolt fastener and the rounded protrusion on the door’s side to secure it, thereby greatly enhancing stability and safety after closing the door.
3.
Design of Pedal Mechanism:
In both the opening and closing of the door, our study utilized pedals for operation, making it simple and convenient. This design was easy for elderly individuals to use, aligning with the principles of human–machine systems in ergonomics.
This study concluded with an Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) and Kano model analysis of the final design prototype. These analyses served to ensure that the product aligned with user requirements and to validate that the design outcomes, derived from innovative methodologies such as TRIZ, yielded high customer satisfaction.

5. Conclusions

This study successfully developed a foot-operated door mechanism designed to enhance hygiene and accessibility in communal spaces, addressing the critical need for a safer alternative to traditional door systems. By integrating TRIZ and universal design principles, the research focused on creating a solution that was intuitive and usable by all individuals. The key design features—including the spring mechanism for automatic door closure, door bolt fasteners, and pedal mechanism—demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of contamination by eliminating the need for manual contact with door handles. Additionally, the color-coded indicators for occupancy status contributed to improved user experience by ensuring privacy and ease of use. Overall, the proposed design not only met the demands of public health and safety but also aligned with sustainability goals by minimizing the necessity for frequent cleaning and maintenance. The foot-operated mechanism represents a substantial advancement in the development of hygienic and user-friendly door systems for communal environments.

6. Patents

The research results were awarded a utility model patent by the Intellectual Property Office, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China (name of patent: Foot-Operated Door switch device for avoiding infection of bacteria; patent no. M565741).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Methodology, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Software, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Validation, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Formal analysis, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Investigation, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Resources, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Data curation, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Writing—original draft, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Writing—review & editing, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Visualization, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Supervision, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Project administration, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L.; Funding acquisition, K.-C.Y., C.-N.C., K.-Y.L., J.-R.X., W.-L.H., W.-S.H., C.-W.L., S.-C.Y., H.-L.H., Y.-C.L. and C.-Y.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the findings of this study are included in the article.

Acknowledgments

This study acknowledges the technical support provided by the Department of Industrial Education and Technology, National Changhua University of Education. The authors would like to thank the Academic Editor, related editors in this journal and the anonymous reviewers for their careful review of our manuscript and for their many constructive comments and suggestions.

Conflicts of Interest

Author Jing-Ran Xu was employed by the company Sheng Jen Industrial Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Appendix A. Summary of the 39 Engineering Parameters

1. Weight of moving object11. Stress or pressure21. Power31. Object-generated harmful factors
2. Weight of stationary object12. Shape22. Loss of energy32. Ease of manufacture
3. Length of moving object13. Stability of the object’s composition23. Loss of substance33. Ease of operation
4. Length of stationary object14. Strength24. Loss of information34. Ease of repair
5. Area of moving object15. Duration of action by a moving object25. Loss of time35. Adaptability or versatility
6. Area of stationary object16. Duration of action by a stationary object26. Quantity of substance/the matter36. Device complexity
7. Volume of moving object17. Temperature27. Reliability37. Difficulty of detecting and measuring
8. Volume of stationary object18. Illumination intensity28. Measurement accuracy38. Extent of automation
9. Speed19. Use of energy by moving object29. Manufacturing precision39. Productivity
10. Force20. Use of energy by stationary object30. External harm affects the object

Appendix B. Summary of the 40 Invention Principles

1. Segmentation11. Beforehand cushioning21. Skipping31. Porous material
2. Tanking out12. Equipotentiality22. Convert harm into benefit32. Changing the color
3. Local quality13. Do it in reverse23. Feedback33. Homogeneity
4. Asymmetry14. Spheroidality–curvature24. Intermediary34. Discarding and recovering
5. Merging15. Dynamicity25. Self-service35. Transformation of properties
6. Universality16. Partial or excessive actions26. Copying36. Phase transition
7. Nested doll17. Transition into a new dimension27. Cheap, short-lived objects37. Thermal expansion
8. Anti-weight18. Mechanical vibration28. Replacement of mechanical system38. Accelerated oxidation
9. Prior anti-action19. Periodic action29. Pneumatics and hydraulics39. Inert environment
10. Preliminary action20. Continuity of useful action30. Flexible shells or thin films40. Composite materials

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Figure 1. The door-opening mode.
Figure 1. The door-opening mode.
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Figure 2. The door-closing mode.
Figure 2. The door-closing mode.
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Figure 3. The spring housing assembly.
Figure 3. The spring housing assembly.
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Figure 4. Indicator block assembly.
Figure 4. Indicator block assembly.
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Figure 5. External pedal for horizontal lock.
Figure 5. External pedal for horizontal lock.
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Figure 6. External door pedal and connection sleeve.
Figure 6. External door pedal and connection sleeve.
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Figure 7. External pedal mechanism.
Figure 7. External pedal mechanism.
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Figure 8. External door rotary mechanism.
Figure 8. External door rotary mechanism.
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Figure 9. Door-opening pulley assembly.
Figure 9. Door-opening pulley assembly.
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Figure 10. Horizontal latch mechanism.
Figure 10. Horizontal latch mechanism.
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Figure 11. Descriptive diagram of internal and external foot controls.
Figure 11. Descriptive diagram of internal and external foot controls.
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Figure 12. Exploded view of the foot-operated door mechanism.
Figure 12. Exploded view of the foot-operated door mechanism.
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Figure 13. Cross-analysis of IPA and Kano model.
Figure 13. Cross-analysis of IPA and Kano model.
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Table 1. Technical contradiction matrix for the foot-operated internal switch device.
Table 1. Technical contradiction matrix for the foot-operated internal switch device.
Avoid Deterioration Parameters
Want to Improve Parameters		19. Energy Required for Moving Object22. Energy Consumption36. Device Complexity
1. Weight of moving object35, 1206, 0226, 30
34, 3134, 1936, 34
10. Force19, 1714, 1526, 35
10 10, 18
33. Ease of operation01, 1302, 1932, 26
241312, 17
Table 2. Technical contradiction matrix for the foot-operated external switch device.
Table 2. Technical contradiction matrix for the foot-operated external switch device.
Avoid Deterioration Parameters
Want to Improve Parameters		22. Energy Consumption31. Harmful Side Effects36. Device Complexity
1. Weight of moving object06, 0222, 3526, 30
34, 1931, 3936, 34
12. Shape1435, 0116, 29
01, 28
33. Ease of operation02, 19 32, 26
13 12, 17
Table 3. Technical contradiction matrix for the external display device for door usage.
Table 3. Technical contradiction matrix for the external display device for door usage.
Avoid Deterioration Parameters
Want to Improve Parameters		22. Energy Consumption31. Harmful Side Effects36. Device Complexity
10. Force19, 1713, 0326, 35
1036, 2410, 18
27. Reliability21, 1135, 0213, 35
27, 1740, 2601
33. Ease of operation01, 13 32, 26
24 12, 17
Table 4. Participant characteristics.
Table 4. Participant characteristics.
VariablesNumbersPercentage (%)
Gender
Male11552.27%
Female10547.73%
Age
20–293716.82%
30–392611.82%
40–498237.27%
>=507534.09%
Occupation
Business8840.00%
Education31.36%
Engineering31.36%
Housekeeping198.64%
Manufacturing125.45%
Government83.64%
Service industry7735.00%
Student104.55%
Education level
Junior hjigh school31.36%
Senior high school7835.45%
University12155.00%
Graduate school188.18%
Monthly income
<10,000 (TWD)156.82%
10,000–30,000 (TWD)5725.91%
30,000–50,000 (TWD)7031.82%
50,000–60,000 (TWD)3817.27%
>60,000 (TWD)4018.18%
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Yao, K.-C.; Cheng, C.-N.; Li, K.-Y.; Xu, J.-R.; Huang, W.-L.; Ho, W.-S.; Liao, C.-W.; Yang, S.-C.; Hsiao, H.-L.; Lin, Y.-C.; et al. Sustainable Hygiene Solutions: Developing a Foot-Operated Door Mechanism for Communal Spaces Using TRIZ and Universal Design Principles. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198415

AMA Style

Yao K-C, Cheng C-N, Li K-Y, Xu J-R, Huang W-L, Ho W-S, Liao C-W, Yang S-C, Hsiao H-L, Lin Y-C, et al. Sustainable Hygiene Solutions: Developing a Foot-Operated Door Mechanism for Communal Spaces Using TRIZ and Universal Design Principles. Sustainability. 2024; 16(19):8415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198415

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yao, Kai-Chao, Chun-Nu Cheng, Kuo-Yi Li, Jing-Ran Xu, Wei-Lun Huang, Wei-Sho Ho, Chin-Wen Liao, Shu-Chen Yang, Hui-Ling Hsiao, Yin-Chi Lin, and et al. 2024. "Sustainable Hygiene Solutions: Developing a Foot-Operated Door Mechanism for Communal Spaces Using TRIZ and Universal Design Principles" Sustainability 16, no. 19: 8415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198415

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