Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviours in the Public Sphere: Comparing the Influence of Social Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Global Warming Awareness and the NEP
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Distinguishing between Private and Public Sphere Pro-Environmental Behaviours
1.2. Comparing the Determinants of Public and Private Sphere PEBs
1.3. Social Anxiety and Pro-Environmental Action
1.4. Self-Efficacy and Pro-Environmental Behaviour
1.5. Goals and Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dimensionality and Validity of Measures
3.2. Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Correlations
3.3. Path Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale/Subscale/Items | α | M | SD | Loads |
---|---|---|---|---|
EAS | 0.93 | |||
Spent time working with a group/organization that deals with the protection of the environment. | 1.79 | 1.19 | 0.86 | |
Consciously made time to be able to work on environmental issues (e.g., working part time to allow time for environmental pursuits, working in an environmental job or choosing environmental activities over other leisure activities). | 1.76 | 1.25 | 0.83 | |
Participated in a community event which focused on environmental awareness. | 1.78 | 1.25 | 0.81 | |
Became involved with an environmental group or political party (e.g., volunteer, summer job, etc.). | 1.83 | 1.29 | 0.76 | |
Organised an environmental protest/rally. | 1.29 | 0.86 | 0.75 | |
Took part in a protest/rally about an environmental issue. | 2.14 | 1.41 | 0.72 | |
Participated in activities for protecting the environment (e.g., planting trees, cleaning streets and green areas). | 2.12 | 1.34 | 0.71 | |
Organised an educational event (e.g., workshop) related to environmental issues. | 1.43 | 0.96 | 0.71 | |
Personally wrote to or called a politician/government official about an environmental issue. | 1.41 | 0.95 | 0.70 | |
Financially supported an environmental cause. | 1.90 | 1.22 | 0.69 | |
Participated in an educational event (e.g., workshop) related to the environment. | 2.19 | 1.31 | 0.67 | |
Organised a boycott against a company engaging in environmentally harmful practices. | 1.31 | 0.84 | 0.65 | |
Organised a petition (including online petitions) for an environmental cause. | 1.43 | 1.02 | 0.62 | |
Used traditional methods (e.g., letters to the editor, articles) to raise awareness about environmental issues | 2.01 | 1.34 | 0.60 | |
Organised a community event which focused on environmental awareness. | 1.31 | 0.92 | 0.57 | |
Talked with others about environmental issues (e.g., spouse, partner, parent(s), children or friends). | 3.75 | 1.09 | 0.47 | |
Educated myself about environmental issues (e.g., through media, television, internet, blogs, etc.). | 3.57 | 0.95 | 0.42 | |
Used online tools (e.g., YouTube, Facebook, Wikipedia, MySpace Blogs) to raise awareness about environmental issues. | 3.21 | 1.25 | 0.39 |
Scale/Subscale/Items | α | M | SD | Loads |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Efficacy (SE) | 0.86 | |||
I am confident to be able to effectively deal with unexpected events | 3.51 | 0.92 | 0.78 | |
Thanks to my resources, I know how to handle unexpected situations | 3.59 | 0.92 | 0.78 | |
When I am faced with a problem, I usually find several solutions | 3.39 | 0.86 | 0.77 | |
No matter what happens to me, I can usually handle it | 3.41 | 0.85 | 0.75 | |
I can solve most problems if I put in the necessary effort | 3.99 | 0.76 | 0.65 | |
I remain calm when facing difficulties because I can trust my ability to face them | 3.37 | 0.98 | 0.60 | |
If I am in trouble, I can always think of something to do | 3.45 | 0.91 | 0.54 | |
I can always solve difficult problems if I try hard enough | 3.89 | 0.84 | 0.51 | |
If anyone contrasts me, I can find a way or system to obtain what I want | 3.42 | 0.86 | 0.46 | |
It is easy for me to keep up my intentions and meet my goals | 3.37 | 0.96 | 0.43 | |
Social-Anxiety (SA) | 0.89 | |||
I feel embarrassed when I have to say something in front of others | 2.72 | 1.21 | 0.85 | |
It is difficult for me to speak in a group of people | 2.68 | 1.34 | 0.82 | |
I am usually tense and nervous when I have to talk to someone | 2.84 | 1.13 | 0.81 | |
I am unsure when I have to express an opinion. | 2.82 | 1.25 | 0.74 | |
I am a shy person | 3.02 | 1.23 | 0.73 | |
I feel comfortable in most social situations (R)I rarely feel embarrassed in front of others (R) | 3.35 | 1.08 | 0.58 | |
I usually feel at ease when I have to talk to someone who represents an authority (R) | 2.97 | 1.13 | 0.56 | |
I have trouble approaching someone I like | 3.12 | 1.17 | 0.54 | |
I consider myself a person who can communicate well with others (R) | 3.10 | 1.31 | 0.50 |
Scale/Subscale/Items | α | M | SD | Loads |
---|---|---|---|---|
NEP | 0.79 | |||
Humans are severely abusing the environment | 4.45 | 0.77 | 0.69 | |
The so-called “ecological crisis” facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated (R) | 1.82 | 0.92 | 0.66 | |
When humans interfere with nature, it often produces disastrous consequences | 4.25 | 0.78 | 0.53 | |
Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist | 4.32 | 0.91 | 0.52 | |
The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them (R) | 4.37 | 0.81 | 0.51 | |
Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature (R) | 1.70 | 0.96 | 0.49 | |
If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe | 4.19 | 0.97 | 0.49 | |
The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modern industrial nations (R) | 2.27 | 1.03 | 0.46 | |
Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs (R) | 2.17 | 1.030 | 0.39 | |
Humans will eventually learn enough about how nature works to be able to control it (R) | 2.52 | 1.05 | 0.38 | |
The earth is like a spaceship with very limited room and resources | 3.56 | 1.10 | 0.37 | |
Despite our special abilities, humans are still subject to the laws of nature | 4.16 | 0.90 | 0.37 | |
The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset | 4.10 | 0.90 | 0.36 | |
We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support | 3.60 | 1.14 | 0.34 | |
Human ingenuity will ensure that we do NOT make the earth unviable (R) | 2.80 | 1.12 | 0.30 | |
Global Warming Awareness (GWA) | 0.86 | |||
I am interested in learning about the impacts of global warming on our living environment | 4.36 | 0.82 | 0.79 | |
I am currently very concerned about global warming | 4.16 | 0.90 | 0.77 | |
Global warming is harmful | 4.73 | 0.59 | 0.73 | |
Global warming affects humans | 4.62 | 0.73 | 0.72 | |
I am interested in learning about the measures to deal with global warming | 4.23 | 0.90 | 0.69 | |
I understand the impacts of global warming | 4.25 | 0.80 | 0.63 |
M | SD | EAS | NEP | SA | SE | GWA | AGE | EDU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EAS | 2.01 | 0.79 | 1 | 0.20 * | −0.29 ** | 0.06 | 0.28 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.22 ** |
NEP | 3.98 | 0.49 | 1 | −0.09 | 0.05 | 0.42 ** | 0.09 | −0.11 | |
SA | 2.80 | 0.85 | 1 | −0.39 ** | −0.00 | −0.16 * | −0.14 * | ||
SE | 3.54 | 0.59 | 1 | 0.10 | −0.04 | 0.16 * | |||
GWA | 4.39 | 0.61 | 1 | −0.00 | −0.06 | ||||
ETA | 31.50 | 15.65 | 1 | 0.30 ** | |||||
EDU | 2.44 | 0.81 | 1 |
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Kosic, A.; Passafaro, P.; Molinari, M. Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviours in the Public Sphere: Comparing the Influence of Social Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Global Warming Awareness and the NEP. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198716
Kosic A, Passafaro P, Molinari M. Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviours in the Public Sphere: Comparing the Influence of Social Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Global Warming Awareness and the NEP. Sustainability. 2024; 16(19):8716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198716
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosic, Ankica, Paola Passafaro, and Martina Molinari. 2024. "Predicting Pro-Environmental Behaviours in the Public Sphere: Comparing the Influence of Social Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Global Warming Awareness and the NEP" Sustainability 16, no. 19: 8716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198716