Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Cement-Bound Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Worldwide IBA Application and Polish Conditions
- Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration is a material so highly heterogeneous and variable that the results reported cannot guarantee the behavior of the bottom ash obtained under various conditions; it is necessary to continuously control its main chemical and engineering properties,
- Stricter management of selective collection could give rise to a significant change in the composition of the bottom ash, thus, a reduction in the amount of incinerated glass would reduce the bottom ash volume, of which glass is the main component; the resulting bottom ash would mainly become fine dust, thus limiting the application range of the material.
- 19 01 11* Bottom ash and slag containing hazardous substances,
- 19 01 12 Bottom ash and slag other than those mentioned in 19 01 11.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.1.1. Cement
3.1.2. Natural Aggregates
- Sand 0/2 mm—often considered as a material unsuitable for embankments and stabilization layers due to poor compactibility, which was selected as the material for IBA granulation, marked as S_0/2 and graphically as a blue line (see Section 4),
- Sandy gravel 0/8 mm—a material useful for embankments and for stabilization with binders, selected as a comparative material, marked as RS and graphically as a purple line (see Section 4).
3.1.3. IBA
3.2. Research Experiment, Mixture Design and Sample Preparation
- Assessment of the chemical composition of IBA—chemical leaching tests and elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with application of a TESCAN VEGA 3 scanning electron microscope with the Bruker EDX attachment for elemental analysis were programmed,
- Original proportions of mixture ingredients were proposed, resulting from practical experience, based on tests of the natural water content of the mixed material and the determination of the optimal water content to obtain the maximum optimal dry density of solid particles of the aggregate—using the Proctor method [49],
- Three series of samples were prepared, differing in the content of natural aggregate and IBA. For each mixture, three different amounts of cement were analyzed (variable by 2 percent) in order to assess the compressive strength and frost resistance of the proposed mixtures,
- Comparative tests were performed for a mixture of useful natural aggregate used for cement-bounded layers in road engineering applications.
- 60_IBA/40_S with 60% IBA and 40% mineral material (sand 0/2) content,
- 45_IBA/55_S with 45% IBA and 55% mineral material (sand 0/2) content,
- 30_IBA/70_S with 30% IBA and 70% mineral material (sand 0/2) content.
3.3. SEM/EDS Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Compressive Strength of Cement
4.2. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
4.3. Chemical Analysis of IBA
4.4. Analysis of the Optimal Water Content and Dry Density of Solid Particles
4.5. Compressive Strength
4.6. Early Compressive Strength Standardization of Results
4.7. Equivalent Compressive Strength Standardization of Results
4.8. Standardization after Freeze–Thaw Resistance Test
4.9. Freeze–Thaw Resistance Values
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The analyzed municipal waste incineration ash from Bydgoszcz as a result of leaching test contains magnesium, calcium, iron and aluminum oxides, which is typical of furnace bottom ash, which is known from other research. EDX studies showed heterogeneity of this material; specifically, variable aggregate composition demonstrated in a three-fold test of a single sample (at different testing locations) that different concentrations of the same and variable basic elements were found.
- (2)
- Optimal water content for IBA and sand 0/2 mixtures is higher than reference mixtures, regardless of the amount of cement admixture.
- (3)
- Based on density of IBA, the maximum dry density of solid particles decreases as the amount of IBA decreases. For the three cement additions, comparable maximum density values were found without significant differences due to the increase in the amount of binder. In the case of the reference mixture, the maximum density increases with the increase in the amount of cement.
- (4)
- IBA addition significantly improved the freeze–thaw resistance of the analyzed mixtures, which is especially true for the 5% addition of CEM I 42.5R cement in relation to reference sandy gravel, which, when stabilized with cement, would not ensure the freeze–thaw resistance required by the standards (>0.6). All the IBA containing mixtures achieved freeze–thaw resistance index values above 0.63, which passes the technical standards for mixtures for road construction layers in Poland.
- (5)
- The reference cement-stabilized soil mixture achieved a compressive strength value representative of treated subgrade layers given in [50]. With the same CEM I addition of approx. 8.5%, the 45_R/55_S and 30_R/70_S mixtures including an IBA addition achieved compressive strengths corresponding to the classes for paving grade road base mixes (high quality of compressive strength and frost resistance).
- (6)
- With an increasing quantity of IBA in the mix, a smaller improvement in compressive strength is observed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | wt (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Recycling | Composting | Incineration | Landfilling | |
2017 | 27 | 7 | 24 | 42 |
2018 | 26 | 8 | 24 | 42 |
2019 | 25 | 9 | 23 | 43 |
2020 | 27 | 12 | 22 | 40 |
2021 | 27 | 13 | 21 | 39 |
Test after 2 Days of Curing | Test after 28 Days of Curing | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen No. | Compressive Load (kN) | Compressive Strength Value (MPa) | Specimen No. | Compressive Load (kN) | Compressive Strength Value (MPa) |
1a | 34.99 | 21.9 | 4a | 70.29 | 43.9 |
1b | 33.09 | 20.7 | 4b | 70.26 | 43.9 |
2a | 33.51 | 20.9 | 5a | 70.51 | 44.1 |
2b | 35.59 | 22.2 | 5b | 69.70 | 43.6 |
3a | 34.73 | 21.7 | 6a | 71.64 | 44.8 |
3b | 31.93 | 20.0 | 6b | 71.96 | 45.0 |
Average: | 21.2 ± 0.86 | Average: | 44.2 ± 0.55 |
Parameter | Leaching Values | Accuracy | Threshold Values set by Polish Legislation [62] |
---|---|---|---|
(mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | (mg/kg) | |
As | <0.01 | ±0.002 | <2 |
Ba | 0.085 | ±0.017 | <100 |
Cd | <0.005 | ±0.0001 | <1 |
Cr | 0.45 | ±0.11 | <10 |
Cu | 0.23 | ±0.05 | <50 |
Hg | <0.005 | ±0.0012 | <0.2 |
Mo | 0.32 | ±0.08 | <10 |
Ni | 0.18 | ±0.04 | <10 |
Pb | <0.01 | ±0.003 | <10 |
Sb | <0.01 | ±0.002 | <0.7 |
Se | <0.01 | ±0.002 | <0.5 |
Zn | 0.36 | ±0.09 | <50 |
H2O | <1.0 | ±0.1 | - |
Carbon | 49.8 | ±10.5 | <800 |
Chloride—Cl | 700 | ±140 | <15,000 |
Fluorides—F | <1.0 | ±0.2 | <150 |
Sulphureous—SO4 | 2800 | ±560 | <20,000 |
TDS | 6800 | ±1020 | <60,000 |
pH (20 °C) | 7.2 | ±0.2 | - |
Test No. 1 | Test No. 2 | Test No. 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Element | Value: Wt (%) | ||
Oxygen | 15.2 | 59.1 | 36.9 |
Iron | 79.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
Magnesium | 2.0 | 40.2 | 6.3 |
Manganese | 2.5 | - | - |
Silicon | 1.3 | - | 42.4 |
Calcium | - | - | 1.5 |
Aluminum | - | - | 1.2 |
Carbon | - | - | 10.8 |
Notation of Mixture | Water Content | Optimal Water Content | Max. Dry Density | Dry Mass of Aggregates | Mass of Cement | Mass of Water | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (%) | (g/cm3) | (g) | (%) | (g) | (g) | |
RS_5C | 7.65 | 11.4 | 1.882 | 8 360 | 5.0 | 418 | 361 |
RS_7C | 11.0 | 1.902 | 8 360 | 7.0 | 585 | 344 | |
RS_9C | 10.8 | 1.925 | 8 360 | 9.0 | 752 | 344 | |
60_IBA/40_S/5C | 5.43 | 12.9 | 1.822 | 8 536 | 5.0 | 427 | 693 |
60_IBA/40_S/7C | 12.0 | 1.818 | 8 536 | 7.0 | 598 | 633 | |
60_IBA/40_S/9C | 12.1 | 1.835 | 8 536 | 9.0 | 768 | 662 | |
45_IBA/55_S/5C | 5.77 | 12.5 | 1.809 | 8 509 | 5.0 | 425 | 626 |
45_IBA/55_S/7C | 11.8 | 1.802 | 8 509 | 7.0 | 596 | 584 | |
45_IBA/55_S/9C | 11.4 | 1.811 | 8 509 | 9.0 | 766 | 567 | |
30_IBA/70_S/5C | 6.11 | 12.2 | 1.799 | 8 482 | 5.0 | 424 | 480 |
30_IBA/70_S/7C | 11.5 | 1.776 | 8 482 | 7.0 | 594 | 535 | |
30_IBA/70_S/9C | 10.8 | 1.773 | 8 482 | 9.0 | 763 | 481 |
Notation of Mixture | Compressive Strength after: | Frost Resistance Index (FRi) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
7 Days | 28 Days | 28 Days: 14 Days + 14 Freezing | ||
MPa | MPa | MPa | - | |
RS_5C | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 1.21 ± 0.12 | 0.36 ± 0.17 | 0.30 |
60_BA/40_S/5C | 1.79 ± 0.11 | 3.59 ± 0.63 | 3.22 ± 0.50 | 0.90 |
45_BA/55_S/5C | 1.77 ± 0.20 | 2.89 ± 0.04 | 2.51 ± 0.23 | 0.87 |
30_BA/70_S/5C | 1.27 ± 0.13 | 2.63 ± 0.29 | 2.11 ± 0.09 | 0.80 |
RS_7C | 1.53 ± 0.16 | 2.93 ± 0.25 | 2.53 ± 0.22 | 0.86 |
60_BA/40_S/7C | 3.37 ± 0.22 | 5.22 ± 0.21 | 3.29 ± 0.21 | 0.63 |
45_BA/55_S/7C | 2.82 ± 0.56 | 5.08 ± 0.33 | 4.74 ± 0.14 | 0.93 |
30_BA/70_S/7C | 3.21 ± 0.34 | 4.42 ± 0.26 | 3.91 ± 0.31 | 0.88 |
RS_9C | 2.62 ± 0.14 | 5.21 ± 0.19 | 4.52 ± 0.53 | 0.87 |
60_BA/40_S/9C | 5.01 ± 0.65 | 5.38 ± 0.64 | 4.40 ± 0.56 | 0.82 |
45_BA/55_S/9C | 4.62 ± 0.11 | 7.09 ± 0.10 | 6.64 ± 0.08 | 0.94 |
30_BA/70_S/9C | 3.69 ± 0.15 | 7.50 ± 0.09 | 7.42 ± 0.15 | 0.99 |
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Węgliński, S.; Martysz, G. Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Cement-Bound Mixtures. Sustainability 2024, 16, 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051865
Węgliński S, Martysz G. Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Cement-Bound Mixtures. Sustainability. 2024; 16(5):1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051865
Chicago/Turabian StyleWęgliński, Szymon, and Gabriel Martysz. 2024. "Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Cement-Bound Mixtures" Sustainability 16, no. 5: 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051865