International Legal Framework for Joint Governance of Oceans and Fisheries: Challenges and Prospects in Governing Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) under Sustainable Development Goal 14
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ocean and Fisheries Policy (and Literature) Review: Current Challenges
2.1. Interpretation of the IEL for the Governance of LMEs
2.2. United Nations Policies for Joint Governance of Oceans and Fisheries
2.3. MEAs Governing LMEs
3. Legal and Theoretical Framework—Application of Methodology
3.1. Framework
3.2. Methodology
3.3. Analysis
3.3.1. Analysis of the Challenges in the Indian Ocean Region
3.3.2. Challenges in the Pacific Ocean
3.3.3. Challenges in the Atlantic Ocean
3.3.4. Challenges in the Arctic Ocean
4. Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water): Prospects and Way-Forward
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ABNJ | Areas Beyond Nations Jurisdiction |
CBD | Convention on Biological Diversity |
CCAMLR | Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources |
CCRF | Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries |
CCSBT | Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna |
CITES | Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora |
CMS | Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals |
COP | Conference of Parties |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
GEF | Global Environmental Facility |
ICJ | International Court of Justice |
IEL | International Environmental Law |
ITLOS | International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea |
IUU-Fishing | Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing |
Johannesburg Declaration | World Summit on Sustainable Development |
LDCs | Least Developed Countries |
LMEs | Large Marine Ecosystems |
MEOs | Multilateral Environment Organizations |
OSPAR Convention | Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic |
PMSA | Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing |
RFME | Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in Marine Ecosystems |
RFMOs | Regional Fisheries Management Organizations |
Rio Declaration | United Nations Declaration on Environment and Development |
SDGs | Sustainable Development Goals |
SDG 14 | Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water) |
SIDS | Small Island Developing States |
SRFC | Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission |
Stockholm Declaration | United Nations Conference on the Human Environment |
The Compliance Agreement | Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas |
UNCLOS | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |
UNEP | United Nations Environment Program |
UNFCCC | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
UNFSA | United Nations Convention on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks |
Vienna Convention | Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties |
SDG 14 | Legal Basis within SDG 14 | Supporting Literature |
---|---|---|
Prevention or significant reduction of marine pollution, effective regulation and harvest of fisheries; ending overfishing, illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practices; implement science–policy governance mechanisms; and prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing; eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing | Conservation of ten percent of marine areas according to international law (that calls for the best available scientific information) Enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean and its resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources |
|
Sub-Region | Fisheries MEAs | Organization | Ocean Governing MEAs |
---|---|---|---|
Whole Indian Ocean with Strategic Partnership with FAO | Agreement Establishing the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission—1993 | Indian Ocean Tuna Commission | Kuwait Regional Convention for Cooperation on the Protection of the Marine Environment from Pollution (Kuwait Convention)—1983 |
The Colombo Declaration on the South Asia Cooperative Environment Program (SACEP)—1981 | |||
High Seas Between Eastern Africa and Western Australia | Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement—2006 | The Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission/South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project (SWIOFP)—2006 | Nairobi Convention—1996 |
The Convention for Cooperation in the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Atlantic Coast of the West and Central Africa Region (Abidjan Convention)—1981 | |||
Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Environment (Jeddah Convention)—1982 |
Sub-Region | Fisheries MEA | RFMO | Ocean MEA |
---|---|---|---|
North Pacific | Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean—1993 | North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission | Northwest Pacific Action Plan—1994 |
North Pacific Fisheries Convention—1953 | Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission—1949 | Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the North-East Pacific (Antigua Convention)—2002 | |
North Pacific Fisheries Commission—1970 | |||
Bering Sea | Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea—1994 | Annual Conference of the Parties to the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea | Southeast Pacific Action Plan—1981 |
Western and Central Pacific Ocean | Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Convention—1995 | Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission | Nauru Agreement—1982 |
Western Coastal Areas of USA and Canada | International Pacific Halibut Convention Between USA and Canada—1980 | International Pacific Halibut Commission—1980 | |
South Pacific Ocean | The Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean—2001 | South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization—2003 | Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region (Noumea Convention)—1986 |
Whole Pacific Ocean | Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program—1999 | International Dolphin Conservation Program—1999 | All MEAs |
The Pacific Salmon Treaty—1985 | Pacific Salmon Commission—1986 |
Sub-Region | Fisheries MEA | RFMO | Ocean MEA |
---|---|---|---|
North Atlantic | Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean—1982 | North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization—1982 | Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM or Helsinki Convention)—1992 The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)—1992 |
Northwest Atlantic | Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries—1978 | Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization—1980 | |
Caribbean Sea | Agreement establishing the Caribbean regional fisheries mechanism—2002 | Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism—2002 | The Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment in the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention)—1986 |
Mediterranean Sea | Agreement for the Establishment of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean—1997 | General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean—1997 | Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (Barcelona Convention)—1978 Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest Convention)—1996 |
Whole Atlantic Ocean | Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles—2001 | Multiple Organizations in Atlantic Ocean | All MEAs |
Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas—1975 | International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas—1975 | ||
Southeast Atlantic Ocean | Convention On the Conservation and Management of Fishery Resources in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean—2001 | Southeast Atlantic Fisheries Organization—2001 | |
Western Central Atlantic | Resolution 4/61 of the FAO Council under Article VI of the FAO Constitution—2006 | Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission—2006 |
Sub-Region | Fisheries MEA | RFMO | Ocean MEA |
---|---|---|---|
Central Arctic | International Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean—2018 | None | None |
The Whole Arctic Ocean | Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources—1982 | Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources—1982 | Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic—2013 |
Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna—1993 | Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna—1995 | ||
Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation—2017 | IMO—International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters—2017 | ||
Ottawa Charter—1986 | Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic—2011 |
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Zhang, S.; Wu, Q.; Butt, M.M.Z.; Lv, Y.-M.; Yan-E-Wang. International Legal Framework for Joint Governance of Oceans and Fisheries: Challenges and Prospects in Governing Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) under Sustainable Development Goal 14. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2566. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062566
Zhang S, Wu Q, Butt MMZ, Lv Y-M, Yan-E-Wang. International Legal Framework for Joint Governance of Oceans and Fisheries: Challenges and Prospects in Governing Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) under Sustainable Development Goal 14. Sustainability. 2024; 16(6):2566. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062566
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shijun, Qian Wu, Muhammad Murad Zaib Butt, (Judge) Yan-Ming Lv, and (Judge) Yan-E-Wang. 2024. "International Legal Framework for Joint Governance of Oceans and Fisheries: Challenges and Prospects in Governing Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) under Sustainable Development Goal 14" Sustainability 16, no. 6: 2566. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062566