Assessment of the Greenery Content in Suburban Multi-Family Housing Models in Poland: A Case Study of the Poznań Metropolitan Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Current Paradigm of Sustainable Building
1.2. The Role of Urban Greenery and Its Assessment
1.3. Setting the Research Goal
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Introduction of the Six Case Studies
2.1.1. Zawady, Poznań, 1930s
2.1.2. Lubonianka, Luboń, 1960s
2.1.3. Cegielskiego Estate, Swarzędz, 1990s
2.1.4. Kolejowa Street, Dąbrówka, 2000s
2.1.5. Rynek (Market Square), Puszczykowo, 2010s
2.1.6. Grafitowe Estate, Skórzewo, 2020s
2.2. Selection of Indicators and Calculation Method
2.2.1. Biologically Active Area Indicator (BAA)
2.2.2. Routes Lined with Trees Indicator
2.2.3. Tree Canopy Indicator
2.2.4. Tree Number Indicator
2.2.5. Tree Benefits Indicator
3. Results
3.1. General Trends Regarding the Selected Aspects of Suburban Planning Standards
3.1.1. Biologically Active Area Indicator (BAA)
3.1.2. Routes Lined with Trees Indicator (RLT)
3.1.3. Tree Canopy Indicator
3.1.4. Tree Number Indicator
3.1.5. Tree Benefits Indicator
3.2. Environmental Friendliness of the Housing Design Models
3.3. Relationships between the Indicators
4. Discussion
4.1. Problems Related to the Planning of Suburban Residential Districts
4.2. Applicability of the Presented Method
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The study results show that the greenery content in suburban multi-family housing districts in the study area is on a downward trend. Of all indicators used in the research, the Biologically Active Area ratio showed the smallest decrease across the period covered by the analysis, primarily because the local zoning plans require it to have a minimum level. The situation regarding the quantity and quality of trees turned out to be worse, and this was mainly expressed by drastic decreases in the canopy and ecological benefits provided by the trees. This problem is related to allocating appropriate space for the development of trees and species selection.
- (2)
- The problems observed during the study provided the basis for formulating recommendations on improving Poland’s suburban planning standards. The guidelines for designing new housing estates or retrofitting existing ones should indicate more frequent use of permeable surfaces and include the role of trees in setting the streetscape standards. Native and nongrafted tree species should be preferred due to their more remarkable ability to deliver environmental benefits. The above recommendations should be included in the zoning plans in the form of the applicable local laws.
- (3)
- The third group of conclusions refers to the feedback obtained from applying the presented method based on selected indicators. The study showed significant interconnections between the Biologically Active Area ratio, the Tree Canopy, the Tree Number, and the Tree Benefits indicators. The combination of these indicators has been proven to help assess the relationship between green space and the ability of trees to develop a canopy and provide ecosystem services. The presented method can be regularly used in planning practices to measure the ecological advantages of greenery. More importantly, the method allows fast feedback to be obtained for neighborhood projects in this respect. Considering the role of greenery in mitigating climate change, applying the presented method in spatial planning will complement ongoing efforts towards achieving sustainable development goals in the building design sector.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landscape Element | Multiplier |
---|---|
Tree canopy for all trees with a mature canopy spread of 12 m (40 feet) or less calculated at 4.6 m2 (50 square feet) per tree. | 0.5 |
Tree canopy for all new trees with a mature canopy spread of greater than 12 m (40 feet) calculated at 23 m2 (250 square feet) per tree. | 0.6 |
Tree canopy for the preservation of existing trees, 15 cm (6 inches) to 60 cm (24 inches) in diameter. | 0.7 |
Tree canopy for the preservation of existing trees, 60 cm (24 inches) in diameter or larger. | 0.8 |
Case Study | (1) Zawady 1930s | (2) Luboń 1960s | (3) Swarzędz 1990s | (4) Dąbrówka 2000s | (5) Puszczykowo 2010s | (6) Skórzewo 2020s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAA | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.4 | 0.44 | 0.12 | 0.4 |
Case Study | (1) Zawady 1930s | (2) Luboń 1960s | (3) Swarzędz 1990s | (4) Dąbrówka 2000s | (5) Puszczykowo 2010s | (6) Skórzewo 2020s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RLT | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.43 | 0.7 | 0.61 | 0.49 |
Case Study | (1) Zawady 1930s | (2) Luboń 1960s | (3) Swarzędz 1990s | (4) Dąbrówka 2000s | (5) Puszczykowo 2010s | (6) Skórzewo 2020s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Case Study | (1) Zawady 1930s | (2) Luboń 1960s | (3) Swarzędz 1990s | (4) Dąbrówka 2000s | (5) Puszczykowo 2010s | (6) Skórzewo 2020s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | 0.797 | 0.562 | 0.431 | 0.753 | 0.35 | 0.465 |
TN (h < 10) | 0.565 | 0.18 | 0.349 | 0.504 | 0.299 | 0.465 |
TN (h 10–14.9) | 0.21 | 0.239 | 0.08 | 0.249 | 0.051 | - |
TN (h 15–19.9) | 0.022 | 0.194 | 0.002 | - | - | - |
TN (h > 20) | - | 0.021 | - | - | - | - |
TN (d < 15) | 0.065 | 0.024 | 0.062 | 0.155 | 0.038 | 0.016 |
TN (d 15–60) | 0.565 | 0.468 | 0.295 | 0.573 | 0.146 | 0.031 |
TN (d > 60) | 0.029 | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.025 | - | - |
New plantings w/mature canopy <12 m | 0.138 | 0.005 | 0.04 | - | 0.121 | 0.395 |
New plantings w/mature canopy >12 m | - | 0.005 | 0.03 | - | 0.045 | 0.023 |
Case Study | (1) Zawady 1930s | (2) Luboń 1960s | (3) Swarzędz 1990s | (4) Dąbrówka 2000s | (5) Puszczykowo 2010s | (6) Skórzewo 2020s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TB1 [USD/m2] | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.005 |
TB20 [USD/m2] | 2.68 | 0.75 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 0.29 | 0.20 |
TB1 per tree | 13.73 | 5.78 | 2.57 | 3.57 | 2.77 | 1.13 |
TB20 per tree | 336.03 | 133.82 | 70.86 | 94.68 | 82.68 | 43.42 |
TB1 per tree x 20 | 274.6 | 115.6 | 51.4 | 71.4 | 55.4 | 22.6 |
Medium annual increase [%] | 22.36 | 17.74 | 37.74 | 32.49 | 49.1 | 92.04 |
Case Study | (1) Zawady 1930s | (2) Luboń 1960s | (3) Swarzędz 1990s | (4) Dąbrówka 2000s | (5) Puszczykowo 2010s | (6) Skórzewo 2020s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAA | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 |
RLT | 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
TC | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
TN | 1 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
TB | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
Score | 7 | 10 | 22 | 12 | 23 | 24 |
BAA | RLT | TC | TN | TB1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAA | * | 0.07 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
RLT | * | * | 0.62 | 0.74 | 0.65 |
TC | * | * | * | 0.68 | 0.56 |
TN | * | * | * | * | 0.79 |
TB1 | * | * | * | * | * |
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Gyurkovich, M.; Kołata, J.; Pieczara, M.; Zierke, P. Assessment of the Greenery Content in Suburban Multi-Family Housing Models in Poland: A Case Study of the Poznań Metropolitan Area. Sustainability 2024, 16, 3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083266
Gyurkovich M, Kołata J, Pieczara M, Zierke P. Assessment of the Greenery Content in Suburban Multi-Family Housing Models in Poland: A Case Study of the Poznań Metropolitan Area. Sustainability. 2024; 16(8):3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083266
Chicago/Turabian StyleGyurkovich, Magdalena, Joanna Kołata, Marta Pieczara, and Piotr Zierke. 2024. "Assessment of the Greenery Content in Suburban Multi-Family Housing Models in Poland: A Case Study of the Poznań Metropolitan Area" Sustainability 16, no. 8: 3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083266