Staycation as a Means of Synergising Resilience and Stakeholder Collaboration for Sustainable Tourism Development: A Roadmap for Crisis Management

Abstract

This study investigates how staycations enhance the experiences of staycationers and foster stakeholder collaboration to promote sustainable tourism. A qualitative case study approach, guided by constructivist narrative inquiry, involved in-depth interviews with 21 key stakeholders and a comprehensive analysis of staycation packages from 10 four- and five-star hotels during a crisis. The study draws on stakeholder, collaboration, and social exchange theories, integrated with triple-bottom-line (TBL) principles, to highlight the resilience power of staycations and its contributions to sustainable tourism development. The findings revealed that staycations significantly enhance the sustainability of the industry. Remarkably, stakeholders demonstrated exceptional collaboration, forming an inclusive public–private partnership to address the crisis and advance sustainable tourism development. It emphasises the need for stronger stakeholder collaboration, advocating for a unified approach to destination management over counterproductive competition. Furthermore, a roadmap is proposed for future investigations, focusing on the role of staycations in promoting positive experiences and enhancing stakeholder collaboration for the sustainable development of the tourism industry during crises. The study emphasised the need for further investigation into specific stakeholders to address competitive imbalances during crises, offering insights that serve as a call to action for practitioners and scholars, thereby laying the groundwork for advancing the industry and enhancing destination reputations.

1. Introduction

Staycation has gained significant relevance during crises and serves as a strategic response to the industry’s pressing challenges. It allows individuals and families to enjoy vacation time without travelling from home, which has proven essential in maintaining economic activity during periods of uncertainty. By encouraging residents to spend their leisure time and financial resources within the communities, staycations provide vital economic relief to local businesses struggling due to reduced tourist arrivals from outside regions. This shift supports local economies and helps to sustain their well-being [1,2]. During the COVID-19 crisis, many individuals felt apprehensive about travelling to distant destinations due to health risks. Staycations offered a safer alternative, allowing families to enjoy leisure time in familiar settings while minimising exposure to potential health threats. This approach not only alleviated the anxiety associated with travel but also promoted a sense of security, making it easier for people to engage in recreational activities without the stress of navigating crowded airports or unfamiliar environments [2,3,4]. Furthermore, staycations encourage residents to explore local attractions and services that they might typically overlook, leading to a renewed appreciation for community resources and cultural heritage [1,3].

The rise of staycations has also fostered collaboration among key stakeholders, i.e., government agencies, local businesses, and community organisations. By collaborating on local tourism, stakeholders can create cohesive marketing strategies and enticing packages that showcase community stays. This collaborative effort enhances and attracts visibility among businesses, creating a supportive network that can better withstand external shocks [3,5]. Moreover, stakeholders can pool resources to improve the staycation experience. For instance, local hotels, restaurants, and attractions can offer joint discounts or create special events that encourage community participation. This collaborative approach improves overall visitor exposure and boosts local morale, as residents feel pride in their community. Engaging with residents through surveys and feedback mechanisms enables stakeholders to better understand community preferences and reflect the demands of the local population [6,7,8].

Staycations also contribute significantly to sustainable tourism development. One of the primary environmental benefits is reducing the carbon footprint associated with local tourism; communities can minimise the environmental impact that often accompanies long-distance travel, such as emissions from transportation. This shift towards local experiences encourages the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and reduces the overexploitation of natural resources that are frequently found in popular tourist destinations [1,2]. Furthermore, focusing on local attractions and experiences allows staycationers to play a role in preserving cultural heritage. By emphasising community identity and promoting local traditions, staycations foster pride among residents and encourage sustainable tourism practices that respect and celebrate local customs. It leads to a more enriching experience for visitors, who gain deeper insights into the community’s culture and history [3,4].

The COVID-19 crisis cripples the industry’s development and operations more than any other sector. Since its outbreak, almost all international borders around the world have closed, and transport and accommodation providers have been locked down, leaving potential tourists confined to their home countries with fewer travel options [9,10,11,12]. This acute situation changes the relationship between the industry and sustainability [13]. Of course, working in a crisis world can significantly improve stakeholders’ confidence and well-being. Still, it should also be seen as an opportunity to reassess and refine how the industry responds sustainably. Whether stakeholders loved or hated the pandemic, they did not ignore the negative impacts. Therefore, reasonable stakeholders should adapt to the world rather than persist in adapting it to themselves, and they cannot afford to lose due to the pandemic, as it has liberated humankind [14]. The pandemic has uncovered largely overlooked dynamics, prompting reflection that highlights previously unnoticed ideas and reveals significant potential. Therefore, the pandemic enabled the industry to align with the community and utilise it for economic purposes and the well-being of stakeholders [15,16]. It requires the collaboration of scholars and practitioners to work within this framework, as it enables the field to flourish again. There may also be a shift in how experts market their long-haul tourism, as trading with locals and neighbours is more sustainable than relying on tourists from distant generating countries [17].

A staycation can be a tool to sustain the industry by focusing on the well-being of local businesses and the community itself; the case in Hong Kong was not exceptional in this regard. Hong Kong is a city that makes staycations relatively simple, and hotels all target the staycation market on weekends more effectively than they did during the pandemic [18]. Therefore, a staycation is one of the most effective ways to respond positively to the pandemic. Since Massey introduced the term “staycation” in 2003, it has been a source of debate on whether it has a pronounced effect on sustainability. The source of the discussion emanated from the exclusion of UN Tourism’s definition of tourism, which is equally mentioned in work psychology [19]. UN Tourism defines tourism as the activities individuals engage in when travelling and staying outside their usual environment for leisure, business, or other purposes, at least for a day and not more than one year. This definition may not encompass the concept of “staycations,” which Massey coined to refer to vacations taken close to home. From UN Tourism’s perspective, tourism is about broad geographic mobility and economic impact, while Massey’s view emphasises the value of local experiences and community engagement. This contrast highlights how staycations can be a sustainable alternative during crises, allowing travellers to explore local attractions and support the economy. By prioritising nearby experiences, staycations may enhance visitor satisfaction and encourage collaboration among stakeholders, showcasing the potential for sustainable tourism development in crisis. However, scientific studies on whether staycations during the pandemic foster greater care for local surroundings are limited, as staycationers’ experiences, thoughts, and feelings are less explored than those of long-haul tourists. Therefore, the aim is to explore the dynamics of staycation consumption amid the crisis and to examine its implications for a sustainable tourism future, using Hong Kong’s response to the COVID-19 crisis as a compelling case study. In addition to the reasons mentioned earlier, this study is conducted in Hong Kong for several key reasons. It examines the organisational aspects of the city’s vibrant tourism landscape, diverse stakeholders, and the unique blend of Eastern and Western cultures. Recent challenges, such as political unrest and the COVID-19 pandemic, underscore the need for resilient tourism strategies. The city’s commitment to sustainability facilitates the evaluation of eco-friendly practices in staycations. Moreover, its cultural richness offers unique visitor experiences, making it an ideal context for exploring stakeholder collaboration and governance, with insights aimed at informing local tourism policies to strengthen industry resilience.

Consequently, the following three research questions are addressed: (1) Do staycations boost stakeholder collaboration during a crisis? (2) What impact do staycations have on enhancing the experiences of staycationers? (3) How do staycations encourage sustainable tourism development during crises? Therefore, the study aims to enhance the current body of literature by thoroughly examining the perceptions and evaluations of staycationers’ experiences and stakeholder collaboration for sustainable tourism development. To achieve this objective, the study is carefully structured as follows: it opens with an engaging introduction that sets the stage, followed by a comprehensive literature review that situates the research within the existing body of knowledge. Next, the Methodology Section outlines the innovative approaches employed, including the ethical considerations that inform the results, where key findings are revealed. The discussion then delves deeply into the topic, offering theoretical, methodological, and practical insights that enhance the reader’s understanding. Finally, the study concludes with reflections on its limitations and highlights potential avenues for future research.

2. Literature Review

2.1. The Role of Staycation During Crises

The term “staycation” was introduced by Massey in [20] to address the demand for domestic travel options during economic downturns. This concept regarding how tourists modify their behaviours in reaction to risk has been widely examined. A staycation involves visitors choosing to vacation in their community instead of travelling to remote hotspots. This phenomenon has become increasingly popular for several reasons, including financial savings, convenience, and a renewed interest in exploring and appreciating one’s local environment [21]. Staycation has been recognised as an effective solution for numerous destinations, especially during the COVID-19 crisis [21,22]. With international travel restrictions and safety concerns, many individuals sought vacation alternatives closer to home, where they felt secure. This shift reflects a broader trend toward prioritising domestic tourism, as travellers aim to avoid the perceived risks associated with international travel and crowded resorts [21,23]. The increase in staycations has been notably significant following high-profile incidents that raised safety and security concerns in popular tourist destinations [24]. Consequently, many Americans began to prefer local vacations, allowing them to engage with familiar services and environments while minimising exposure to potential risks.

When tourism yields tangible benefits for local communities, the connection between staycations and support for tourism becomes favourable. Local economies can thrive through increased spending on nearby businesses and attractions, which is especially vital during challenging times. During the COVID-19 crisis, staycations provided a safer option for travellers and contributed to local economies by encouraging residents to explore their neighbourhoods and support local enterprises [21]. This dual advantage highlights the significance of staycations as a practical response to crises, fostering community resilience and adaptability. The resilience theory suggests that communities can adjust and flourish in the face of adversity, emphasising the importance of flexibility, resourcefulness, and collective action to overcome challenges [25]. In tourism, resilience is essential for sustaining economic stability and social cohesion during times of crisis. Applying resilience theory to staycations demonstrates how local tourism can strengthen community resilience and enhance adaptability in response to external shocks.

2.2. Staycation’s Role in Stakeholder Collaboration

Stakeholder theory states that organisations shall consider the interests and influences of all stakeholders when making decisions [5,26]. Stakeholders include local businesses, government entities, community organisations, and residents on staycations. Implementing staycation initiatives requires coordination among these groups, fostering a collaborative environment that enhances the effectiveness of local tourism strategies. Collaboration among local businesses is a crucial aspect of staycations. They can collaborate on promotional activities and packages to encourage residents to explore their communities. For example, hotels, restaurants, and attractions can create joint offerings that increase visibility and attractiveness for local tourism [6,7]. Moreover, local governments play a vital role in promoting staycations by facilitating stakeholder partnerships. By providing resources, marketing support, and logistical assistance, government agencies can help to create an environment conducive to staycation initiatives [27]. This collaboration can lead to the development of policies that support local tourism and stimulate economic recovery during times of crisis.

Community engagement is another essential element of stakeholder collaboration in staycation initiatives. When residents actively participate in local tourism activities, they contribute to the economic and social well-being of their communities. This engagement fosters a sense of belonging and community pride, which are essential for long-term sustainability [28]. Similarly, the social exchange theory suggests that social interactions are motivated by a reciprocal process to optimise rewards and reduce expenses [29]. In the context of staycations, this theory offers insight into how stakeholders perceive and engage in collaborative efforts. The dynamics of exchange relationships among stakeholders can significantly influence the success of staycation initiatives. Reciprocal benefits are central to stakeholder collaboration. Stakeholders are more likely to collaborate when they perceive mutual benefits. For instance, local businesses gain increased patronage through joint promotions, while residents enjoy enhanced leisure options and community experiences [27]. This reciprocal relationship fosters a sense of partnership and encourages ongoing collaboration among stakeholders. In addition, trust and commitment are crucial for successful collaboration. The social exchange theory proposes that trust is formed through consistent interactions and beneficial experiences [30]. In the context of staycations, stakeholders who engage in collaborative efforts and deliver value to each other are more likely to establish long-term partnerships that benefit the community. As stakeholders collaborate to promote staycations, the increased local tourism can enhance community well-being. Residents who participate in local activities support local businesses and experience increased satisfaction and quality of life [28]. This positive feedback loop reinforces the importance of collaboration and investment in local tourism initiatives.

Several case studies illustrate the role of staycation in stakeholder collaboration. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, many local governments launched campaigns to promote staycations by partnering with tourism boards and local businesses. These initiatives often included marketing campaigns highlighting local attractions and special offers, effectively pooling resources and expertise [27]. Another example can be found in community-led initiatives that aim to promote local tourism. Residents collaborated with businesses to organise events, such as cultural fairs and local food festivals, that showcased local offerings and encouraged community participation. These events boosted local economies and fostered a sense of community pride and cohesion [28]. Therefore, the role of staycations in stakeholder collaboration is underscored by stakeholder theory and social exchange theory frameworks. Staycation initiatives can enhance economic resilience, promote social cohesion, and support sustainable tourism practices by fostering partnerships among local businesses, government entities, and community organisations. As communities continue to navigate the challenges posed by crises, the collaborative nature of staycations offers a pathway to strengthen local economies and foster a sense of community well-being.

2.3. Staycationers’ Experience During Crisis

Mossberg [31] emphasises the critical role of experience in tourism, suggesting that staycations enable individuals to engage meaningfully with their immediate environments. This view is supported by Chronis and colleagues [32], who argue that local experiences can significantly enhance emotional connections to a place, especially during challenging times. Such connections are vital for individuals seeking solace and familiarity in their immediate surroundings. The psychological impacts of staycations are noteworthy. Atadil and Lu [33] highlight the concept of escapism, wherein individuals seek refuge from daily stressors through localised leisure activities. This notion aligns with Klinger [34] and Schechner [35], who discuss the interplay between reality and fantasy, indicating that staycationers often navigate a blend of both dimensions during crises. Escaping into a curated experience at home or nearby can provide essential relief from external pressures.

Furthermore, Hume [36] and Seregina [37] note that the emotional benefits of staycations can enhance overall well-being, offering a sense of normalcy amid uncertainty. These experiences often serve to mitigate feelings of anxiety and dislocation that can arise during turbulent times. Uriely [38] explores the motivations behind staycations, indicating that personal and social factors play pivotal roles in shaping these experiences. Individuals may choose to staycation for various reasons, ranging from financial considerations to a desire for community connection. Demographic factors also influence staycation experiences [28]. Quan and Wang [39] and Walls and colleagues [40] examine how different groups approach the concept of staycations. Millennials, in particular, have emerged as a key demographic, with their preferences often shaped by social media and a desire for unique experiences [28]. Bhattacharjee and Mogilner [41] support this assertion, noting that younger generations frequently seek experiences that provide enjoyment and opportunities for personal growth, reflecting a shift in values toward experiential consumption.

The narratives surrounding staycation experiences have also garnered attention in the literature. Arnould and Price [42] emphasise the importance of storytelling in shaping perceptions and experiences, suggesting that the narratives constructed during staycations can have a significant influence on how individuals perceive and remember these experiences. Duerden and colleagues [43] expand on this idea by suggesting that the stories created during staycations not only enhance the emotional depth of the experience but also contribute to its memorability, thereby enriching the overall impact of the staycation. In conclusion, staycations offer a unique perspective for exploring individual experiences during crises. By examining both the collaborative efforts of stakeholders and the psychological dimensions of these experiences, it becomes evident that staycations serve as a vital coping mechanism.

2.4. Staycations Contribution to Sustainable Tourism Development

Freeman [5] and Hörisch and colleagues [26] stated that organisations should incorporate the views and implications for all parties involved. Stakeholders include local businesses, government entities, community organisations, and residents in staycations. The collaborative engagement of these groups is essential for promoting sustainable tourism development. Local businesses play a crucial role in the success of staycations. By offering tailored services and experiences that cater to residents, companies can enhance the attractiveness of staycations. Collaborative marketing efforts among hotels, restaurants, and attractions can create attractive packages and encourage residents to explore their local areas [6,7]. It not only boosts local economies but also fosters sustainability by enabling the deployment of local resources and reducing the carbon footprint associated with long-distance travel. Local governments are crucial stakeholders in promoting staycations and ensuring their sustainability. Governments can implement policies that support local tourism by facilitating stakeholder partnerships, such as offering grants to local businesses or launching promotional campaigns that highlight nearby attractions [4]. These initiatives can help to create a supportive environment for staycations, ensuring the economic benefits are widely distributed across the community.

Engaging the community is vital for the success of staycations. When residents actively participate in local tourism activities, they contribute to the economic and social fabric of their communities. This engagement led to stronger social cohesion and a greater sense of collective responsibility for local resources and cultural heritage [1]. Stakeholders prioritising community involvement in staycation initiatives can foster a sense of possession and pride, essential for sustainable tourism development. Staycations provide significant economic benefits by keeping spending within the local community. Research indicates that local tourism can stimulate job creation and support small businesses, often the backbone of local economies [23]. By promoting staycations, communities can mitigate the economic impacts of external crises, such as a decline in international tourism. Moreover, staycations encourage residents to explore and appreciate local attractions, which can lead to increased investment in community resources. As local businesses thrive, they are more likely to reinvest in their communities, contributing to long-term sustainability [1]. This cycle of local spending reinforces the interconnectedness of stakeholders and the importance of collaboration in achieving sustainable tourism outcomes. In addition to economic benefits, staycations support environmental sustainability. By reducing the need for long-distance travel, staycations help to lower greenhouse gas emissions and alleviate the environmental burden associated with tourism. Local tourism can promote conservation efforts and responsible resource management as residents appreciate their surroundings more [22]. Engaging stakeholders in sustainable practices is essential for maximising the environmental benefits of staycations. For instance, local businesses can adopt eco-friendly practices, such as sourcing materials locally and minimising waste, while governments can promote policies that encourage sustainability in tourism [4]. This collaborative approach enhances the sustainability of staycations and sets a precedent for responsible tourism behaviour.

The social impacts of staycations are equally significant. Staycations can enhance social cohesion and well-being by fostering community engagement and promoting local culture. When residents participate in local tourism, they preserve their cultural heritage and promote local traditions, which are vital to their community identity [1]. Furthermore, staycations can empower communities by allowing residents to share their stories and experiences. This engagement can increase awareness of local issues and inspire collective action towards sustainability. Stakeholder collaboration is essential, enabling communities to leverage their strengths and resources for the common good [23]. Staycations represent a promising avenue for sustainable tourism development, particularly when viewed through the lens of stakeholder theory. Staycation initiatives can enhance economic resilience, promote environmental sustainability, and strengthen social ties by fostering collaboration among local businesses, government entities, and communities. As communities continue to navigate the challenges posed by crises, the role of staycations in supporting sustainable tourism practices will become increasingly vital.

3. Methodology

It is a qualitative research approach with an exploratory design because of insufficient prior research on the subject [44,45], and qualitative research is usually abundant in detail and grants insights into participants’ experiences with the issue, aligning epistemologically with the reader’s experiences, making it more significant, valid, and insightful [46,47]. The constructivist philosophical view is applied, as it epistemologically facilitates flexibility in the research process [48]. Ontologically, it emphasises the presence of numerous realities developed within a given context, and methodologically, it enables a thorough analysis of facts [44,48]. Thus, authors adopt a neutral positionality, striving for objectivity and minimising personal biases during the process by consciously setting aside individual beliefs, values, and experiences to create an environment where participants can freely share their perspectives. By adopting this neutral stance, the authors enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of the findings, ensuring that participants’ voices and experiences are authentically represented. Therefore, authors employed constructivist narrative inquiry strategies, utilising open-ended interview guidelines within a document consultation methodological framework for the study. This framework leverages the increasing number of online platforms where hotels sell their packages to staycationers on their websites. Therefore, data were collected from the staycation strategies of 10 hotels on their websites (6 five-star and 4 four-star hotels), as well as from 6 tourism and hospitality professionals and 15 staycationers, using a convenient sampling method based on data saturation. The authors comprehensively reviewed official documents, magazines, newspapers, scientific studies, and academic articles to describe the linkage between staycation, crisis, collaboration, and sustainability.

After completing the data collection phase, the authors meticulously managed the coding process in alignment with the three research inquiries outlined in the introduction. They began by familiarising themselves with the data to identify relevant patterns and themes, followed by open coding to label data segments and capture diverse responses systematically. The authors then organised the codes into broader themes aligned with research objectives. They applied critical thematic analysis to examine these themes in depth, questioning assumptions and contextualising them into the broader world agenda. To ensure analytical rigour, they implemented a validation process involving peer reviews and discussions among co-researchers, which refined the themes and ensured accurate representation of the data. Finally, the authors synthesised their findings, drawing connections between the themes and research inquiries, resulting in a comprehensive analysis that not only addressed the research questions but also contributed to a nuanced understanding of the global agenda, establishing a robust framework to support the significance of the findings [49,50,51,52,53]. The focus was on recognising the most frequent sustainability concerns related to staycations during the crisis, how tourism stakeholders responded, and how staycationers perceived it. Before directly coding the data, the researchers reviewed all the collected data to inform coding development. An inductive coding sheet was then prepared with seven broad categories: staycation, crisis, experiences, stakeholder collaboration, socio-cultural sustainability, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability. Sub-coding was included in the original list as needed by the researchers and passed back and forth for comparison and refinement of the data. In this case, the interview, website data, and document consultation were thoroughly and repeatedly reviewed, and their contents were interpreted to understand the central theme. This process serves as a model for consistency, and the findings were then substantiated with the relevant literature.

The ethical considerations surrounding anonymity for face-to-face interviewees and pseudonymity for website content analysis raise two critical questions. The first relates to the assignment of attribution anonymity and the validity of confidentiality claims, while the second concerns the pseudonymity of hotel websites utilised in the research. The authors implemented a comprehensive interview protocol designed to prioritise participant consent, anonymity, and confidentiality. Before conducting the interviews, the authors thoroughly briefed the participants on the research objectives, the intended use of their data, and their rights regarding anonymity and privacy. This process included a clear explanation of how the authors handled their contributions and the measures taken to protect their identities. Then, the authors asked participants to provide explicit consent for anonymity. Of those approached, only eight individuals volunteered to have their voices recorded. For other participants who chose not to be recorded, the authors took meticulous notes throughout the interviews, ensuring that their insights were captured while maintaining strict confidentiality. These notes were anonymised immediately after the interviews to prevent any potential identification of the participants. The interview protocol also included a structured guide to ensure consistency across sessions, allowing for reliable data collection while fostering an environment of trust and openness. By adhering to this protocol, the authors could systematically capture diverse perspectives while protecting the identities of participants. Furthermore, all data derived from interviews are presented anonymously throughout the document, reinforcing the authors’ commitment to ethical standards. In terms of website content analysis, the data utilised in this study is publicly available, thereby alleviating concerns related to anonymity, pseudonymity, and confidentiality. The authors rigorously reviewed and analysed the content from hotel websites, applying the same ethical considerations as with interview data. Through these comprehensive measures, including a robust interview protocol, the study not only upholds ethical research standards but also enhances the credibility and integrity of its findings.

To ensure validity and trustworthiness in coding, a robust triangulation strategy, encompassing methodological, data, investigator, and theoretical triangulation, was implemented, integrating insights from interviews, documents, and web data. By cross-referencing these diverse sources, consistency in findings was confirmed. Additionally, participant engagement through member checking validated interpretations, while peer debriefing provided external perspectives. This comprehensive approach, along with rich and detailed descriptions of the context, enhanced the rigour of the study and demonstrated the interconnectedness of the data sources.

4. Results

4.1. Demographic Profile of Interviewees

The demographic profiles of the 21 participants show a nearly balanced gender distribution, with 9 males and 12 females. The ages range from 21 to 46, with a predominant feature of individuals in their 30s. Educational backgrounds vary, with eight interviewees holding high school/vocational qualifications, seven possessing bachelor’s degrees, and six having master’s degrees. Occupations range from skilled electricians and construction workers to professional roles such as tourism officers, hoteliers, and bankers. Notably, one interviewee is unemployed, highlighting the variability among the interviewees. (See

Table 1. Demographic profiles of interviewees.

Interviewees (I)	Gender	Age	Education Level	Occupations
1	Female	32	High School/Vocational School	Merchant
2	Female	33	Bachelor’s Degree	Tourism officer
3	Male	21	High school/Vocational School	Student
4	Female	27	Bachelor’s Degree	Banker
5	Male	28	High School/Vocational School	Electrician
6	Female	34	Master’s Degree	Hotelier
7	Male	31	High School/Vocational School	Real estate
8	Female	29	Bachelor’s Degree	Office worker
9	Male	33	High School/Vocational School	Merchant
10	Female	43	Master’s Degree	Tourism officer
11	Male	35	Bachelor’s Degree	Office worker
12	Female	32	High School/Vocational School	Construction worker
13	Female	31	Bachelor’s Degree	Hotelier
14	Male	35	High School/Vocational School	Personal trainer
15	Female	42	Master’s Degree	Hotelier
16	Male	37	Bachelor’s Degree	Merchant
17	Female	29	High School/Vocational School	Office worker
18	Male	36	Bachelor’s Degree	Tourism officer
19	Male	46	Master’s Degree	Office worker
20	Female	27	High School/Vocational School	Unemployed
21	Female	26	High School/Vocational School	Student

).

4.2. Staycation and Stakeholder Collaboration

The 2015 UN Tourism’s sustainable tourism development agenda, linked to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals, encourages a re-evaluation of environmental and social needs in tourism [54]. Despite claims that sustainability research in the industry is underdeveloped [55], many scholars view sustainability as a central issue in previous studies [56]. The COVID-19 crisis has dramatically shaped the industry, with declines of up to 80% [11,12], prompting researchers to explore new forms of tourism, including staycation and virtual tourism. The Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) initiated a “Holiday at Home” campaign to stimulate local tourism and stakeholder collaboration. The campaign has been accepted and supported by stakeholders who are collaborating to boost the local economy. It initially included three key elements: first, insider guides, featuring over 100 recommended venues and activities; second, a one-stop platform offering more than 10,000 dining, shopping, and entertainment deals across the territory; third, spending to rescue local tours, which allows staycationers to redeem local tours through their spending. These strategies facilitate short- and long-term recovery from the crisis [57,58].

The board subsidises the trade partners with a series of funding schemes to speed up their recovery process. This initiative began in June 2020, and to this day, staycationers can access travel information on where to go, stay, and eat from the campaign website [1]. The board conducted a hygiene campaign in collaboration with the Hong Kong Quality Assurance Agency. These organisations certified stakeholders and created awareness of epidemic prevention for shopping centres, dining establishments, retail stores, accommodations, attractions, inbound travel agencies, and other tourism and hospitality businesses. Although collaboration has many forms, the tourism board, tourism and hospitality industry associations, the city’s quality assurance agency, development agencies, and the city’s convention bureaus can be considered a public–private partnership. The main reason for this collaboration is the crisis. The crisis enables the creation of new forms of governance that promote sustainability through staycations and partnerships. Since tourism in Hong Kong is a mature economic sector, public–private collaboration enhances the organisational response to sustainable tourism development, benefitting the local community [59,60,61]. One tourism expert (I₁₈) stated the following:

Service providers are poised to embrace a spirit of collaboration, joining forces with their former competitors to meet the needs of staycationers. In this crisis, the focus shifts from competition to cooperation, underscoring the importance of unity in overcoming challenges and enhancing the guest experience. Hongkongers have a deep passion for travel, and the city’s convenience makes exploration effortless; in just 20 kilometres, you can escape the urban hustle and find yourself at serene beaches or atop scenic peaks. It is time for us to embrace a new perspective. Let us become our own tourists and uncover the hidden gems that Hong Kong has to offer.

This collaboration with other industry stakeholders stimulates local spending and accelerates the sector’s recovery, providing a collective solution to the problem and enhancing the sustainability of the destination [57,59,62,63]. Another tourism officer (I₂) emphasised the following:

I am confident that scholars and practitioners will no longer permit the adverse effects of a crisis to undermine the industry. Practitioners should prioritise their communities and take meaningful actions to support and promote a sustainable lifestyle within the sector. This approach can foster a positive environment for employees, motivating them to contribute even with fewer incentives. I encourage everyone to focus on the silver linings during challenging times and raise awareness among locals to reconnect with their roots, revisit their upbringing, and support their peers working in the industry.

This sentiment reflects the importance of community-focused initiatives in recovery efforts. A hotelier (I₁₃) noted the following:

Even before the crisis, busy Hongkongers with families opted to stay at local hotels as a convenient getaway rather than travelling abroad. Now is the perfect time for everyone to take on the role of a tourist in our city. After all, a staycation offers a more comfortable escape than navigating uncertainty or remaining at home. This view of the interviewee highlights how staycations are an option for residents, reinforcing collaboration among stakeholders and the community.

4.3. Staycation and Staycationers’ Experiences

During a crisis, hosts and staycationers share common anxieties about health risks and economic uncertainty [64]. However, staycations have emerged as an appealing alternative, enabling individuals to savour local experiences without the hassles of international travel. With no cultural differences to navigate, minimal language barriers, and no need for currency exchange, staycations offer a seamless way to explore and enjoy one’s city. This accessibility allows travellers to immerse themselves in beloved local attractions, cuisine, and culture while avoiding the stress associated with overseas trips. In essence, staycations provide a unique opportunity to rediscover the charm of familiar surroundings, making them an ideal choice for relaxation and adventure alike [64,65,66]. One interviewee (I₄) remarked as follows:

The crisis led to international travel bans, making staycations in Hong Kong an appealing alternative. The city’s fantastic packages inspire me to explore its beautiful nature trails, hikes, and beaches, allowing me to appreciate the beauty I often overlook. A significant advantage of this experience is the absence of travel chaos; I no longer worry about missed transfers or navigating unfamiliar places. Even in the city’s bustling heart, I find freedom and tranquillity that reduces my stress compared to travelling abroad. Culinary experiences also enhance my staycation, as I can enjoy delicious meals and refreshing drinks without the anxiety of potential disappointments. Having previously visited over eleven tourist destinations across five countries, I often lacked the time to appreciate my city’s unique charm. This staycation has given me the perfect opportunity to explore and celebrate all that Hong Kong has to offer.

A staycation fosters a strong bond among staycationers, the community, and other stakeholders in the tourism and hospitality sector. The staycationer and other stakeholders challenge existing theories of the tourist experience, particularly social exchange theory, which traditionally posits that the expectation of reciprocity drives interactions. During the pandemic, stakeholders often prioritise collective well-being and community support over personal gains, acting altruistically without expecting anything in return. This shift reveals limitations in traditional theories, as staycationers may engage in sustainable practices and community activities, reflecting an understanding of interdependence among stakeholders. Their motivations highlight the need to rethink social exchange theory to incorporate these altruistic behaviours and community engagement. Ultimately, the experiences of staycationers call for an expanded theoretical framework that recognises the complexities of human interactions during crises, providing valuable insights for sustainable tourism development driven by local engagement and collective action. A staycationer (I₁₁) shared the following:

My staycation was unforgettable, starting with a warm welcome of a Cantonese dinner and a soothing bath. The next evening, my wife and I cooked our first meal together in the hotel’s kitchen and shared a romantic dance to a cherished song. The following morning, my childhood friend joined us, and we walked to Kwun Tong Public Pier, where we met individuals facing homelessness and addiction. A group lunch led to meaningful conversations, and we were touched when some guests presented us with a gift, inspiring us to return their kindness. This experience highlighted the joy of connecting with others and giving back to the community.

No significant differences exist in the experience (pleasure) level of those who engaged in the staycation and long-haul travel. However, there was a difference in the activities they were engaged in. It is essential for tourism development in the community [19]. A couple (I₁₄) also reflected as follows:

Previously, we rarely considered staycations since we often travelled, especially during holidays and our wedding anniversary. However, our routines and cultural perspectives have undergone significant shifts. Now, staycations are undoubtedly an excellent option for us. We have rediscovered Hong Kong’s natural wonders while enjoying stays at local hotels, realising that we do not always need to dream of travelling abroad. Understanding the beauty of our home can be just as fulfilling as any distant getaway. Exploring the hidden gems right at our doorstep feels almost like a fantasy. Lately, I have come to appreciate that there is no place like home.

Such experiences foster trust in local service providers and contribute to the positive experience of the staycationers. The researchers argue that staycation, focusing on emotional attachment with local tourists, is vital for the industry to survive and recover from crises. Therefore, a staycation can be the best solution, requiring little travel and is regarded as more sustainable than many other forms of travel [67,68].

4.4. Staycation and Sustainable Tourism Development

Studies on the role of staycations in sustainability have highlighted their potential to support local economies while being environmentally friendly. Staycations result in lower carbon emissions than long-haul travel, making them more sustainable [64,65]. Interviews reveal that many participants view staycations as an opportunity to rediscover their home city. The HKTB’s campaign encourages stakeholders to implement sustainable practices, recognising the interconnectedness of tourism’s economic, environmental, and social factors. To this end, the HKTB, the hotel industry, tour operators, and other stakeholders have launched a campaign to attract Hong Kongers to staycation, utilising various sustainability strategies that address different issues. The following ten hotels are some stakeholders who are deeply engaged in the staycation market and contribute to the industry’s sustainability. They successfully lure staycationers through marketing and public relations by offering their packages at a fair price.

Table 2. Analysis of hotel staycation packages for four- and five-star hotels.

No.	Sample Hotels	Star (*) Rate	Staycation Package During COVID-19
1	The peninsula	5	Stay for Love and Journey the World
2	Hotel ICON	4	Food-cation and Romantication
3	Four Seasons	5	Children’s Adventure, Festive Staycation, Friend Gate-away
4	Mandarin Oriental	5	Sweet Staycation and The Ultimate Entertaining Experience
5	Hayatt	4	Escape 24
6	Kowloon Shangri-La	4	Beyond the Horizon Staycation and Buffet Staycation
7	Murray	4	Pawsome Staycation and Murray Staycation
8	The Ritz-Carlton	5	Kids Safari, I Love You, Sky High Staycation
9	St. Regis Hotel	5	24-Hour Plus Staycation, The Ultimate Family, Celebrate for Them, and Art of Celebration
10	Rosewood	5	City and Sea Staycation

reveals that hotels prioritise staycation experience by providing a range of themed packages, including romance and family adventures, to enhance guest satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although specific initiatives are not outlined in detail here, packages that focus on local experiences aim to reduce carbon footprints and support nearby businesses. The high star ratings indicate a premium positioning, likely contributing to increased revenue through these targeted offerings. Overall, these packages demonstrate a commitment to enhancing the staycation experience, promoting local sustainability, and ensuring economic viability. For a more comprehensive understanding of their TBL practices, additional details are found on each hotel’s website.

These acts of sympathy foster sustainable behavioural change within the community and among staycationers [69]. An interviewee (I₈) said that “the visit of staycationers to their community helps them trust their local service providers, believe in humanity, get new insight into the local community, and contribute to the industry’s sustainable development.” By promoting local tourism, staycations serve not only as a means of recovery for the industry post-crisis but also as a catalyst for broader sustainable tourism practices that prioritise community engagement and environmental stewardship. Tourism stakeholders should implement a traditional sustainable strategy that incorporates both the quantifiable economic aspects and the less quantifiable ecological and social sustainability elements. Some stakeholders use sustainability for marketing purposes rather than running a natural, sustainable tourism and hospitality organisation [70]. However, staycations require stakeholders to travel slowly, locally, and critically, considering social, environmental, and cultural sustainability. It inspires staycationers to explore nearby areas and remain in a single destination, rather than embracing multiple destinations in their itinerary and opting for vehicles in favour of walking. Thus, a staycation is a slow and fantastic race with a moral, ethical, and politically significant aspect as a sustainable tourism activity [66]. Similarly, an interviewee (I₁₀) also confirmed the following:

Many city residents are disconnected from their communities, making staycations an opportunity for self-discovery and reconnection. As people explore Hong Kong’s trails and natural spaces, they appreciate even the most minor details. Staycations promote a slower, sustainable travel approach, fostering deeper environmental connections and supporting ethical tourism practices. This “less is more” philosophy encourages embracing local landscapes and contributing to a sustainable future.

As a result, staycations offer a unique opportunity for visitors to reconnect with their local communities and appreciate the beauty of their surroundings. By embracing sustainable tourism practices, staycationers can contribute to environmental stewardship while fostering a more profound sense of belonging. These experiences enrich personal lives and promote a more ethical and sustainable tourism practice.

4.5. Roadmap for Staycations for Stakeholder Collaboration and Sustainability in Crises

Sustainability of the tourism and hospitality industry has faced intense scrutiny, particularly in the wake of a crisis. This sector’s recovery and sustainable operation hinge on resolving the challenges of long-haul source markets [71]. However, a substantial divide persists in scholarly discourse, irrespective of the role of staycations in advancing the TBL of sustainability dimensions of economic efficiency, environmental integrity, and socio-cultural equity. Most studies have predominantly emphasised economic sustainability, often neglecting the vital dimensions of ecological and socio-cultural equity, particularly in local communities [72]. This oversight raises pressing concerns about the fairness of leveraging local culture for tourism without equitable compensation.

A crisis has catalysed a profound re-evaluation of conventional tourism models, presenting a unique opportunity to cultivate a new industry paradigm characterised by collective action and collaborative stakeholder engagement [10,11,16,73,74,75]. As societal norms shift, staycations have emerged as a compelling alternative to traditional travel, allowing individuals to explore domestic destinations while sidestepping the complexities and uncertainties associated with international travel. Beaver [76] aptly defines a staycation as a domestic holiday, reinforcing local engagement and economic support, a notion that resonates deeply during times of crisis. This study adopts and integrates the principles of TBL, stakeholder, and collaboration theories to illuminate the multifaceted role of staycation in promoting sustainable tourism. Stakeholder theory emphasises the importance of ethical management practices that consider the diverse interests of all parties involved, including organisations, customers, employees, and the broader community [13,26,77]. Whereas stakeholders are actors in the system, collaboration is the process of sitting together to discuss common issues to achieve a shared goal [6,7]. The various branches of stakeholder theory—descriptive, instrumental, normative, and integrative—provide a robust framework for understanding how companies can effectively engage with their stakeholders and achieve their sustainability objectives [78].

Despite the rich theoretical landscape surrounding sustainable tourism development, the distinction between sustainable and unsustainable practices remains critically important. Roper [79] argues that strong sustainability must prioritise environmental and socio-cultural dimensions alongside economic considerations. The crisis had inadvertently led to a sharp decline in international travel, yielding a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and prompting a newfound focus on environmental sustainability. However, this scenario complicates the sustainability dialogue, as the crisis has also induced substantial social and economic losses [13]. Motivations for opting for staycations extend well beyond pandemic-related restrictions. These local holidays bolster local economies, minimise environmental impact compared to long-haul travel, and provide a lower-cost, less stressful alternative to international trips. For instance, a family might choose a staycation to enjoy a weekend at a local resort, supporting nearby businesses and benefitting from reduced travel hassles. Staycations also provide opportunities for wealth redistribution and sustainable growth in underprivileged areas without exacerbating existing issues [80].

In contrast, international visitors often possess higher service expectations and prioritise environmental sustainability [81]. The rise of staycations has prompted hotels to innovate their offerings, crafting diverse packages catering to local consumers. Luxury hotels have evolved into attractive destinations by offering a range of unique amenities, including wellness retreats, gourmet dining experiences, and family-friendly activities. For example, the four- and five-star hotels offered a staycation package featuring spa treatments, cooking classes, and guided local tours, appealing to both relaxation seekers and adventure enthusiasts. This strategic shift underscores how staycations can drive economic sustainability by benefitting local businesses and minimising leakage rates within the tourism economy.

While a crisis has reshaped the relationship between sustainability and the tourism industry, it has also created opportunities for recovery and innovation. However, there is a risk that environmental considerations may be overlooked as the industry seeks to regain pre-pandemic momentum. This study emphasises two key challenges related to social exchange theory and stakeholder theory in this context. First, while these theories encourage stakeholder cooperation, pressing economic realities may prevent organisations from engaging in authentic collaboration. Many may use the language of collaboration and sustainability for marketing purposes, rather than committing to genuine partnerships that truly benefit all parties. Second, the tourism and hospitality sector challenges the social exchange theory of reciprocity by emphasising that it may not be effective in times of urgency. In the pursuit of sustainable tourism development, stakeholders are confronted with “neo-liberal injustice and exploitation,” which complicates traditional notions of reciprocity. During this critical period, the focus needs to shift from competition to collaboration. Genuine partnerships are essential, as stakeholders must prioritise collective action over individual gains. This situation highlights that reciprocity should extend beyond mere exchanges; it should foster equitable collaborations that emphasise shared responsibilities and long-term sustainability for all parties involved [10,82]. This inter-organisational and customer relationship forces them to consider and reconsider the TBL of sustainability. However, this approach is criticised for its focus on controlling negative aspects rather than enhancing positive ones, for over-promising, and for the difficulty in measuring socio-cultural aspects of sustainability [83,84,85]. However, this allows regulators to differentiate between willing and ethical stakeholders and others.

Consequently, stakeholders’ economic, socio-cultural, and environmental well-being is paramount for addressing sustainability concerns during this crisis. Staycations present a unique opportunity for stakeholders to collaborate effectively, fostering inter-organisational relationships that enhance their collective sustainability efforts. This collaborative approach enables stakeholders to fulfil their needs while maintaining the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural integrity of their communities. Ultimately, staycations can serve as a powerful catalyst for responsible travel practices that conserve the environment, preserve local cultural values, and promote community welfare. By strengthening the synergy among stakeholders in sustainable tourism development, staycations offer a viable and innovative path forward for the industry, particularly in challenging times [86]. For instance, a local hotel partnering with nearby artisans to create exclusive staycation experiences enriches visitors’ experiences and supports local craftsmanship, thereby reinforcing the community’s economic resilience. Such initiatives exemplify how staycations can transcend traditional tourism frameworks, fostering deeper connections between staycationers and their local environments.

In conclusion, the authors have developed a roadmap that illustrates the relationship between crises and staycations within the context of sustainable tourism development. (See Figure 1). It identifies three main types of crises: environmental deterioration, economic recession, and socio-cultural shock. These crises expose the vulnerabilities of the tourism sector and underscore the need for innovative responses. Central to the framework is the concept of a staycation, which acts as a mechanism to address these crises. Staycations promote stakeholder collaboration, encouraging various players in the tourism industry to work together. This collaboration is essential for implementing TBL, which emphasises the balanced consideration of environmental, economic, and socio-cultural factors. Notably, the framework suggests that typical notions of reciprocity and competition may not be effective during crises. In these urgent times, stakeholders are more inclined to prioritise collaboration over waiting for reciprocal benefits or engaging in competitive behaviours. Recognising that every individual and business is facing significant challenges, the integration of staycations into tourism strategies can foster a spirit of cooperation. The outcomes of this collaborative approach include enhanced environmental efficiency, improved local economic performance, and the preservation of socio-cultural values. Thus, leveraging staycations during times of crisis not only supports recovery efforts but also promotes sustainability and resilience in the industry, paving the way for a more balanced and equitable future. However, stakeholders should prioritise sustainable practices that harmonise local benefits with the preservation of community integrity, ensuring that localised tourism enhances rather than undermines the social fabric and economic stability of host communities.

5. Implications of the Study

5.1. Theoretical Implications

This study presents a significant theoretical contribution by applying stakeholder, social exchange, and collaboration theories within the framework of TBL sustainability principles, particularly during times of crisis, such as the recent pandemic. This study challenges conventional interpretations of social exchange theory, which typically posits that reciprocity is a fundamental driving force behind stakeholder interactions. Traditionally, this theory emphasises that stakeholders engage in exchanges with the expectation of mutual benefit, where each party anticipates a return on their investment, whether in resources, time, or trust. However, during the pandemic, this expectation of reciprocity has been notably disrupted. In this unprecedented crisis, stakeholders demonstrated a remarkable capacity for generosity, often prioritising collective well-being over immediate, short-term gains. This shift in behaviour indicates a departure from the transactional mindset that usually characterises stakeholder relationships. Instead, many stakeholders began to act from a place of altruism, recognising the importance of supporting one another in a time of shared crisis. This altruistic behaviour reflects an understanding that the well-being of the community is interconnected, and that fostering a sense of solidarity can lead to more sustainable outcomes in the long run. Moreover, the acknowledgement of mortality and shared vulnerability during the pandemic has prompted stakeholders to reassess their priorities and values. In recognising that everyone is susceptible to the challenges posed by the crisis, stakeholders became more inclined to adopt sustainable practices. This newfound perspective emphasises the need for ethical engagement and responsible management, as stakeholders understand that their actions can have significant implications for the broader community and environment. Consequently, the study highlights how this shift in stakeholder behaviour underscores the potential for altruism to play a crucial role in sustainability efforts. By focusing on collective interests rather than individual gains, stakeholders are better positioned to contribute to sustainable practices that benefit not only themselves but also the wider community. This transformative perspective enriches the understanding of social exchange theory, illustrating how crises can catalyse a re-evaluation of stakeholder relationships and promote a more sustainable approach to tourism and hospitality.

5.2. Methodological Implications

This study employs multiple triangulation techniques to enrich the precision and robustness of the results while addressing the inherent subjectivity in qualitative research [87]. These approaches offer a more comprehensive understanding of the complex interrelationships among the variables under investigation. First, methodological triangulation involves using different data collection methods, specifically interviews and the systematic analysis of staycation packages from four- and five-star hotels. This dual approach enables cross-verification of findings, thereby confirming consistency across different data sources. Second, data triangulation is achieved by collecting data in two phases from various locations within the city. The collected data includes perspectives from staycationers, tourism professionals, and hotel staff from varying economic, social, and professional backgrounds. Such diversity ensures that the findings are not reliant on a single data source, thereby enriching the understanding of customer perceptions, especially in the context of evolving travel behaviours during crises [88]. Third, investigator triangulation involves two researchers independently coding and comparing themes from the collected data. This collaborative analysis mitigates individual biases in interpretation, fostering a more objective understanding of the findings. Finally, theory triangulation incorporates the TBL sustainability principles, social exchange theory, and stakeholder collaboration theory. This theoretical framework provides a thorough perspective for analysing the issues, enhancing the understanding of staycations’ role in supporting sustainable tourism practices.

5.3. Practical Implications

The findings emphasise the importance of staycations as a viable strategy for recovery and innovation in the tourism industry, particularly in the post-pandemic context. To effectively harness these benefits, governments should implement initiatives that promote local tourism through financial incentives for businesses creating appealing staycation packages, as well as facilitating public–private partnerships among hotels, local artisans, and community organisations. The private sector should focus on innovating its offerings by developing curated staycation experiences that cater to local consumers, including collaborations with hotels, local restaurants, tour operators, and cultural organisations, while adopting sustainable practices that resonate with community values. Community organisations can engage in outreach programs to educate residents about the benefits of supporting local tourism, organising events that highlight attractions and encourage participation in staycations. By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can leverage staycations as a catalyst for responsible travel practices and long-term sustainability, enhancing economic resilience and preserving environmental and socio-cultural integrity, thereby transforming short-term crisis responses into lasting benefits for communities and the broader tourism ecosystem.

6. Conclusions

This study examined the impact of staycations on promoting sustainable tourism development during a crisis and the collaborative responses of stakeholders. The crisis of COVID-19 has had a profound effect on all spheres of human life, but it is not merely a loss; instead, it presents opportunities that encourage creative thinking about the type of consumption that underpins the tourism and hospitality industry’s unsustainable practices. In addition, the pandemic reminds us that the industry should not depend solely on international tourists, but also on domestic tourists, also known as staycationers. A staycation can be revitalised for travellers to consume locally, minimise safety issues, travel less, and connect to the community. However, long distances will not stop tourists from travelling after the pandemic. Still, practitioners and academicians need to reorient their focus to bring the local community’s interest to the forefront for the industry’s sustainable development. A staycation can foster stakeholder collaboration, benefitting the local community, motivating staycationers to travel more, and contributing to the experience economy at the individual, organisational, and community levels.

The findings revealed that staycations are essential during a crisis for enhancing stakeholder experience and promoting collaboration to support economic recovery, environmental conservation, and socio-cultural revitalisation. Therefore, the most crucial theoretical investigation in this research is the critical role of staycations in fostering stakeholder collaboration and sustainable tourism development. Of course, the TBL helps to improve stakeholders’ cooperation and make inclusive decisions. Still, in this crisis, stakeholders do not need fierce competition but collaboration to attract more staycationers. Finally, the study introduces a novel crisis management staycation framework that combines stakeholder, social exchange, and collaboration theories with the TBL principles of sustainable tourism development, serving as a springboard for future research. Thus, scholars and practitioners should no longer allow the negative impacts of a crisis to drain the industry. It would be better if they focused on the positive aspects of the pandemic and thought, felt, spoke, and worked on it. By doing so, the industry will radiate positive energy. A staycation is one of these experiences that fosters sustainability, motivates positive experiences, and contributes to a healthier economy at all levels. Therefore, destination marketing organisations should reassess their engagement and management of the industry to promote sustainable tourism development that centres on the local community, as the current situation is unlikely to last and the future is uncertain. Above all, all stakeholders need to collaborate in selling the city as a single destination at this time of uncertainty, rather than competing with one another.

Limitations and Future Research Directions

This study has limitations that may affect the interpretation, conclusion, and applicability of its results, although the researchers have implemented strategies to address the issues. The first limitation is the use of qualitative methods, specifically interviews and thematic analysis. While these methods provide rich insights, they are inherently subjective and may reflect participants’ biases or experiences. To mitigate this, the researchers ensured a diverse participant pool, including staycationers and tourism and hospitality professionals from various backgrounds. However, future research could further enhance generalisability by incorporating a larger sample size and exploring perspectives from additional regions and socioeconomic groups using a quantitative or mixed-methods approach. The second limitation is focusing on specific hospitality industry segments, namely four- and five-star hotels. This concentration may overlook the experiences of budget accommodations and alternative lodging options. Thus, future studies shall include a broader spectrum of accommodation types, analysing how staycation practices differ across various market segments.

Thirdly, while the study emphasises the importance of stakeholder collaboration, it does not delve deeply into the challenges of achieving genuine partnerships within the tourism sector. Economic pressures and competitive dynamics may hinder effective collaboration. This study discusses potential barriers but suggests that future research could explore case studies of successful collaborations to identify best practices and frameworks for fostering authentic stakeholder engagement, addressing power asymmetries, and developing new governance structures. Lastly, focusing on the immediate impacts of staycations during a crisis may limit understanding of their long-term sustainability implications. While the researchers acknowledged the need for ongoing investigation, we encourage longitudinal studies to assess how staycations influence economic, environmental, and socio-cultural dimensions over time. Future research could also investigate the evolving perceptions of staycationers as the tourism landscape changes, examining how these shifts impact local economies and community well-being. Therefore, future researchers could focus on tracking visitor behaviour, conducting carbon assessments, and analysing economic leakage to strengthen the claims related to the TBL.