Sustainability

20 pages, 942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Climate Risk on Agricultural New Quality Productive Forces—Evidence from Panel Data of 31 Provinces in China

by Hong Li, Zhijie Gan and Hongjian Lu

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7566; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167566 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Agricultural new quality productive forces are an important driving force for the transformation of China’s agricultural economy and the realization of sustainable development. This study proposes a novel channel to verify the negative effects of climate risk on agricultural new quality productive forces [...] Read more.

Agricultural new quality productive forces are an important driving force for the transformation of China’s agricultural economy and the realization of sustainable development. This study proposes a novel channel to verify the negative effects of climate risk on agricultural new quality productive forces based on the empirical evidence of 31 provinces in China from 2012 to 2022. Specifically, baseline regression results indicate that a 10% increase in climate risk leads to a 1.18% decrease in agricultural new quality productive forces. Moreover, mechanism tests indicate that climate risk negatively affects agricultural new quality productive forces mainly through increasing the severity of natural disasters. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that variances in agricultural digital economy levels, government investment in environmental protections, and the depth of agricultural insurance coverage endowments result in substantial discrepancies in the effects of climate risk on agricultural new quality productive forces. Finally, this study finds that the impact of climate risk varies across provinces with different regional locations and geographical conditions. This study provides useful insights for coping with climate risk and promoting the high-quality development of agricultural new quality productive forces. Full article

20 pages, 397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Is the Scale of the Bio-Business Sector? Insights into Quantifying the Size of the New Zealand Bioeconomy

by Saeed Solaymani, Marc Gaugler, Tim Barnard and Andrew Dunningham

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7565; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167565 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Measuring the bioeconomy enables policymakers to monitor advancements in sustainable development goals, identify growth opportunities, comprehend the economic implications of bio-based products, assess environmental impacts, and shape policies that foster a sustainable economy reliant on renewable biological resources. For this purpose, this study [...] Read more.

Measuring the bioeconomy enables policymakers to monitor advancements in sustainable development goals, identify growth opportunities, comprehend the economic implications of bio-based products, assess environmental impacts, and shape policies that foster a sustainable economy reliant on renewable biological resources. For this purpose, this study measures the value of the bioeconomy in New Zealand using the latest published input–output table for the year 2020. This study estimates the size and economic significance of New Zealand’s bioeconomy by applying two complementary methodologies. Results indicate that, in 2020, the total value added by the bioeconomy ranged from NZD 48.8 billion to NZD 50.8 billion, representing 16.5% to 17.1% of the nation’s total value added. Agriculture emerged as the dominant contributor, accounting for approximately 89% of the sector’s total value added, followed by forestry and logging at around 11%. To identify potential growth areas, the analysis further disaggregated bioeconomy value added by economic subsectors. Among bio-based industries, food manufacturing was the largest contributor, generating 43.1% (NZD 21 billion) of total bioeconomy value added, followed by bio-based services at 12.9% (NZD 6.3 billion). The biotechnology sector contributed NZD 0.34 billion, equivalent to 0.7% of the total bioeconomy. Additional significant contributors included wood processing and manufacturing (3.3%; NZD 1.6 billion), construction (0.71%; NZD 0.35 billion), and textiles and clothing (0.58%; NZD 0.29 billion). These findings underscore the pivotal role of food manufacturing, services, wood processing, textiles and clothing, and construction in shaping the bioeconomy. They further highlight the importance of assessing the economic and environmental impacts of bio-based industries and formulating policy frameworks that support a sustainable, renewable resource-based economy. Full article

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35 pages, 24992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensory Heritage Is Vital for Sustainable Cities: A Case Study of Soundscape and Smellscape at Wong Tai Sin

by PerMagnus Lindborg, Lok Him Lam, Yui Chung Kam and Ran Yue

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7564; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167564 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sensory heritage encompasses culturally valued practices, rituals, and everyday activities experienced through the senses. While sight often dominates, hearing and smelling are generally more immersive and pervasive. Soundscape research is a well-established field within urban studies; however, smellscape remains insufficiently recognised. This study [...] Read more.

Sensory heritage encompasses culturally valued practices, rituals, and everyday activities experienced through the senses. While sight often dominates, hearing and smelling are generally more immersive and pervasive. Soundscape research is a well-established field within urban studies; however, smellscape remains insufficiently recognised. This study is part of Multimodal Hong Kong, a project aimed at documenting sensory cultural heritage across the city by capturing the complex interplay between soundscape, smellscape, urban experiences, everyday activities, and memory. We investigated the multisensory environment at Wong Tai Sin Temple through acoustic measurements and perceptual ratings of soundscape and smellscape across 197 locations within and around the site. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with visitors (N = 54, 15,015 words of transcript), which were analysed using content analysis and natural language processing. The results indicate that elevated noise levels mainly arise from human voices and pipe music within the temple compound, as well as traffic noise in the surrounding area. The smell of incense dominates near the temple altars, whereas natural, grassy odours prevail in the adjacent park. Interview responses confirm that incense burning constitutes a traditional religious practice forming a distinctive olfactory marker for Chinese temples, but it is also perceived as having adverse health implications. This study contributes to the growing body of sensory heritage research, underscoring the importance of both soundscape and smellscape in fostering culturally inclusive, vibrant, and sustainable urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Noise Control, Public Health and Sustainable Cities)

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21 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Social Influence and Its Impact on the Attitude of Organic Product Consumers

by Geovanna García-Roldán, Nelson Carrión-Bósquez, Andrés García-Umaña, Oscar Ortiz-Regalado, Santiago Medina-Miranda, Rubén Marchena-Chanduvi, Mary Llamo-Burga, Ignacio López-Pastén and Iván Veas González

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7563; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167563 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Social media has become a tool that exerts a significant influence on consumer behavior. In this sense, this study aims to identify whether digital social influence derived from the informational nature of social media content and online member group support influences the subjective [...] Read more.

Social media has become a tool that exerts a significant influence on consumer behavior. In this sense, this study aims to identify whether digital social influence derived from the informational nature of social media content and online member group support influences the subjective norms and environmental attitudes of organic product consumers. This study was developed using a quantitative, correlational, and cross-sectional design. A total of 371 organic product consumers participated in the study, who were administered a questionnaire consisting of 17 questions measured on a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24 and Smart PLS, and convergent validity, discriminant validity, and structural equation modeling were applied. The results of the study identified that environmental attitudes continue to be a highly influential factor in organic product purchasing behaviors and that these attitudes are shaped by subjective norms and digital social influencers, such as social media content and online member support groups. Furthermore, the study found that subjective norms mediate the relationship between environmental attitudes and social media content as well as online member support grou(ps. Beyond contributing to the theoretical understanding of environmental attitudes, this study offers practical insights into designing digital marketing strategies that leverage social influence to promote sustainable consumption, particularly in emerging markets. Full article

13 pages, 347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Legume Proportion and Litter Deposition Rate in Signal Grass–Forage Peanut Mixed Pastures at Varying Planting Spacings

by Lucas Ladeira Cardoso, Igor Alexandre de Souza, Odilon Gomes Pereira, Paulo Roberto Cecon, Carlos Augusto de Miranda Gomide, José Carlos Batista Dubeux Jr. and Karina Guimarães Ribeiro

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7562; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167562 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Mixed legume–grass pastures may enhance nitrogen recycling via litter and excreta compared to unfertilized grass monocultures. This study evaluated litter biomass, litter deposition rate, and the chemical and isotopic composition of Urochloa decumbens litter in monoculture and mixed pasture intercropped with Arachis pintoi [...] Read more.

Mixed legume–grass pastures may enhance nitrogen recycling via litter and excreta compared to unfertilized grass monocultures. This study evaluated litter biomass, litter deposition rate, and the chemical and isotopic composition of Urochloa decumbens litter in monoculture and mixed pasture intercropped with Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte at five planting spacings (0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 m) in a Ferralsol. Additionally, isotopic analysis of sheep feces under grazing was conducted across the dry season. The experiment was conducted according to a split-plot scheme, with spacings in the plots and the periods or years in the subplots, in a randomized block design, with four replications. Litter biomass was not significantly influenced by planting spacing; however, the litter deposition rate was substantially greater in mixed pastures, reaching up to 77.2 kg ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ in the second year. Isotopic analysis revealed that up to 39% of the litter carbon was derived from C3 plants (Arachis pintoi), while nitrogen concentration ranged from 8.3 g kg⁻¹ in monoculture to 12.9 g kg⁻¹ at 0.40 m spacing. Spatial arrangement was critical for optimizing nutrients dynamic. Narrower planting spacings (0.40–0.50 m) increased the proportion of Arachis pintoi and enhanced litter deposition rates, improving nitrogen inputs and cycling within mixed Urochloa decumbens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of the Agricultural System and Agro-Ecological Environment)

24 pages, 2966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Source Data-Driven Identification and Spatial Optimization of Rural Settlements: Evidence from Sangxu, China

by Tao Sun, Jie Chen and Jie Guo

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7561; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167561 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Based on the goal of achieving a classified promotion of rural revitalization in China’s Comprehensive Rural Revitalization Plan (2024–2027), this study presents a framework for a comprehensive sustainable development assessment system using multi-source data. This framework mainly adheres to the principles of settlement-type [...] Read more.

Based on the goal of achieving a classified promotion of rural revitalization in China’s Comprehensive Rural Revitalization Plan (2024–2027), this study presents a framework for a comprehensive sustainable development assessment system using multi-source data. This framework mainly adheres to the principles of settlement-type identification and spatial optimization strategies. The proposed framework is applied to Sangxu Town in eastern China to divide the settlements into five types and then optimize the spatial layout of rural settlements by employing spatial point pattern analysis, weighted Voronoi diagrams, and an extended breakpoint combination model. This study shows that, firstly, the overall development level of settlements in Sangxu Town is relatively high, but the distribution is uneven, with higher levels in the central and eastern regions and lower levels in the west. Secondly, based on the sustainable comprehensive development levels, 14 removal-type settlements (accounting for 27.45%), 21 control and retention-type settlements (41.18%), 7 agglomeration and upgrading-type settlements (13.73%), and 5 suburban integration-type settlements (9.80%) were identified. Thirdly, the activity intensity of residents is generally low in areas with low nighttime light intensity. The number of rural settlements was reduced to 37 after relocation, freeing up 94.91 hectares of homestead land—a reduction of 9.51%. This research improves the application of big data technology in identifying types of rural settlements and optimizing layout, providing experience for achieving sustainable development in rural areas in China. Full article

21 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Environmental Analysis of Using Recycled Ceramic Demolition Materials in Construction Projects

by Marcin Gajzler, Piotr Nowotarski and Maria Ratajczak

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7560; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167560 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive economic and environmental analysis of the utilization of recycled ceramic demolition materials in the construction sector, considering three distinct applications: erecting vertical partitions, constructing road bases, and producing decorative finishes. The findings demonstrate significant economic advantages when using [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive economic and environmental analysis of the utilization of recycled ceramic demolition materials in the construction sector, considering three distinct applications: erecting vertical partitions, constructing road bases, and producing decorative finishes. The findings demonstrate significant economic advantages when using recycled ceramic materials in structural applications, specifically vertical partitions and road base layers, with cost reductions of approximately 14.1% and 23.9%, respectively, compared to new materials. Conversely, the economic viability of using recycled materials for decorative finishes (“old brick”) proved limited due to high labor intensity and significant waste generation during processing, resulting in higher costs than using new materials. From an environmental perspective, the recycling of construction ceramics provides substantial benefits, notably in reducing carbon footprints. The greatest environmental benefit observed was a reduction in carbon footprint by about 90% in vertical partition applications, and about 70% for decorative finishes. Despite these benefits, practical implementation faces substantial technological and regulatory barriers, including labor-intensive recovery processes and the absence of unified quality standards. Overcoming these challenges requires further development of advanced sorting and processing technologies, clear regulations, unified quality standards, and educational efforts targeted at the construction industry and investors. Full article

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17 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neural Network-Based Approaches for Predicting Construction Overruns with Sustainability Considerations

by Kristina Galjanić, Ivan Marović and Tomaš Hanak

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7559; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167559 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

This research focuses on developing neural network-based models for predicting time and cost overruns in construction projects during the construction phase, incorporating sustainability considerations. Previous studies have identified seven key performance areas that affect the final outcome: productivity, quality, time, cost, safety, team [...] Read more.

This research focuses on developing neural network-based models for predicting time and cost overruns in construction projects during the construction phase, incorporating sustainability considerations. Previous studies have identified seven key performance areas that affect the final outcome: productivity, quality, time, cost, safety, team satisfaction, and client satisfaction. Although the interconnections among these performance areas are recognized, their exact relationships and impacts are not fully understood. Hence, the utilization of a neural networks proves to be highly beneficial in predicting the outcome of future construction projects, as it can learn from data and identify patterns, without requiring a complete understanding of these mutual influences. The neural network was trained and tested on the data collected on five completed construction projects, each analyzed at three distinct stages of execution. A total of 182 experiments were conducted to explore different neural network architectures. The most effective configurations for predicting time and cost overruns were identified and evaluated, demonstrating the potential of neural network-based approaches to support more sustainable and proactive project management. The time overrun prediction model demonstrated high accuracy, achieving a MAPE of 10.93%, RMSE of 0.128, and correlation of 0.979. While the cost overrun model showed a lower predictive accuracy, its MAPE (166.76%), RMSE (0.4179), and correlation (0.936) values indicate potential for further refinement. These findings highlight the applicability of neural network-based approaches in construction project management and their potential to support more proactive and informed decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Assessment and Risk Management of Engineering Construction Project—2nd Edition)

19 pages, 3627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Management Approaches to Heavy Metal Pollution in Arid Soils Using Soil Amendments and Plant-Based Remediation

by Nasser H. Almeaiweed, Saud S. Aloud, Khaled D. Alotaibi, Mohannad A. Al Watban, Waeel S. Alrobaish and Majed S. Alorf

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7558; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167558 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study examined the effect of sulfur, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), olive mill wastewater (OMW), and their mixtures in remediating metal-polluted soils by implementing both leaching trials and a greenhouse experiment with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In the leaching study, soils were subjected [...] Read more.

This study examined the effect of sulfur, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), olive mill wastewater (OMW), and their mixtures in remediating metal-polluted soils by implementing both leaching trials and a greenhouse experiment with sunflower (Helianthus annuus). In the leaching study, soils were subjected to five discharge volumes (V1–V5). EDTA significantly improved metal mobility of Cd (221.4) mg·kg⁻¹ in V2, Pb (340.8) mg·kg⁻¹ in V3, and Zn (1.01) mg·kg⁻¹ in V3, while OMW moderately mobilized Cd and Mn. However, sulfur mitigated leaching by buffering soil pH and metal immobilization. Mixed treatments revealed moderate leaching behavior. EDTA lowered soil pH (5.3) and raised EC (1763) µS/cm, while sulfur maintained stable chemical environments. In the greenhouse experiment, amendments significantly influenced biomass and metal uptake. Sunflower roots accumulated the highest Cd under sulfur (733.5) mg·kg⁻¹ and Mn under EDTA (743.3) mg·kg⁻¹. EDTA restricted Cd translocation (TF = 0), while OMW enhanced Cr movement to shoots (TF = 17.6). EDTA also reduced Cd bioavailability, whereas OMW raised Pb and Mn availability. Overall, EDTA improved metal solubility for potential removal and sulfur in stabilized metals, while OMW acted as a moderate mobilizer. Sunflower demonstrated selective metal uptake, indicating its potential in phytoremediation strategies tailored to specific contaminants. Full article

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15 pages, 2065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Use of Brewer’s Spent Grain By-Product as a Component for Sustainable Thermal Mortars

by Maria Manso, Joaquim Silva, Vítor Antunes, Isabel Ivo, João Canto and Cristina Guerra

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7557; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167557 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Buildings represent approximately 40% of the total energy consumption. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have lower energy demands than conventional buildings due to improved thermal insulation combined with other passive design strategies. Thermal mortars, used in insulating plasters, help improve buildings’ energy efficiency in [...] Read more.

Buildings represent approximately 40% of the total energy consumption. Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have lower energy demands than conventional buildings due to improved thermal insulation combined with other passive design strategies. Thermal mortars, used in insulating plasters, help improve buildings’ energy efficiency in a cost-effective manner, with minimal added thickness, even on irregular surfaces. Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) accounts for 85% of the total by-products of the brewing industry. It is a cellulosic wood material, with a composition rich in protein (20%) and fiber (70%). Considering these properties, it has potential for use as a natural aggregate in mortars and as a sustainable material for buildings aligned with circular economy principles. This work aims to characterize BSG as a natural by-product for use in thermal mortars and identify different incorporation percentages. First, BSG was characterized in terms of its water content, particle size and volume mass. Then, mortars with BSG and fine sand, with different water contents, were produced and compared to a reference mortar and two commercially available thermal mortars. The performance of the mixtures was evaluated in terms of water absorption, mechanical behavior (namely, compressive and flexural strength) and thermal behavior. BSG mortars with a 0.25 w/c ratio presented a water absorption coefficient similar to that of the reference mortar. Overall, BSG mortars presented a mechanical strength profile similar to that of conventional thermal mortars. In the thermal test, the best BSG mortar (BSG75-w/c-0.25) achieved a stationary temperature difference between surfaces that was 8% lower than that of a commercial thermal mortar and 110% higher than that of the reference mortar. In sum, the best BSG mortars had a lower w/c ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Designing Net-Zero Energy Buildings for a Greener Future in Sustainable Architecture)

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22 pages, 3101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Projects and Youth Engagement: Empowerment and Contested Knowledge

by Kostas Stavrianakis, Jacob A. E. Nielsen and Zoe Morrison

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7556; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167556 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigated youth’s empowerment through EU-funded climate change projects (CCPs) and the role that social research and public engagement play in that process. The importance of considering youth empowerment in a time of climate change is increasingly recognized. Youth are exposed to [...] Read more.

This study investigated youth’s empowerment through EU-funded climate change projects (CCPs) and the role that social research and public engagement play in that process. The importance of considering youth empowerment in a time of climate change is increasingly recognized. Youth are exposed to interrelated health, socioeconomic, and political vulnerabilities caused by climate change, but they often lack resources to address and navigate these changes. To help address these issues, youth empowerment holds the potential to give youth a greater influence over their lives in the context of an evolving climate. EU-funded CCPs play a crucial role in EU’s climate mitigation and adaptation policies, and the implementation of these projects can have widespread implications for youth across the EU. However, there is little research exploring the local youth implications of EU-funded CCPs. In this paper, we want to start addressing this knowledge gap by exploring how youth empowerment was facilitated, shaped, and restrained over a year-long collaboration with students from a Greek school as part of a Horizon 2020 project on the social acceptance of Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCUS) technologies. The findings indicate that the activities provided the students with opportunities to explore and express different types of concerns, knowledge, and perspectives on issues related to climate change, social acceptance, and CCUS. However, the empowering potential of these activities was also shaped by power differentials and contestations around the validity of different knowledge sources. For meaningful youth engagement through Horizon 2020 initiatives, more longitudinal and meaningful participation is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motivating Pro-Environmental Behavior in Youth Populations)

34 pages, 1278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Coordination of Monetary and Local Government Fiscal Policies and Local Fiscal Sustainability in China

by Hanlin Xia and Lin Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7555; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167555 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

The growing importance of local governments, alongside the swift development of their bond markets, provides a novel framework for examining the coordination of monetary and local government fiscal policies in China. This investigation contributes a new viewpoint on local fiscal sustainability by emphasizing [...] Read more.

The growing importance of local governments, alongside the swift development of their bond markets, provides a novel framework for examining the coordination of monetary and local government fiscal policies in China. This investigation contributes a new viewpoint on local fiscal sustainability by emphasizing the role of policy coordination. Empirical evidence derived from regression models and proxy structural vector autoregression (Proxy SVAR) analyses conducted in this study substantiates the presence of coordination between monetary and local government fiscal policies in China; nevertheless, such coordination may pose risks to long-term local fiscal sustainability. Drawing on empirical data, this study utilizes a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that integrates key features characteristic of the Chinese economy to investigate the coordination of monetary and local government fiscal policies, as well as the effects of this coordination on local fiscal sustainability. The results derived from the baseline model indicate that although monetary and local fiscal policies in China are coordinated, such coordination facilitates the accumulation of local government debt, which ultimately compromises long-term local fiscal sustainability. Furthermore, the baseline model is extended and examined through multiple analytical approaches. When local government competition is introduced, monetary policy and local government fiscal policy become disconnected, which undermines local fiscal sustainability. Conversely, when local government cooperation is introduced, monetary policy and local government fiscal policy become more coordinated, which in turn improves local fiscal sustainability. Moreover, a higher steady-state debt level among local governments promotes greater coordination between monetary and fiscal policies, resulting in stronger fiscal sustainability. However, the imposition of debt constraints on local governments diminishes this coordination and adversely affects local fiscal sustainability. Additionally, in the absence of local financial friction, monetary and local fiscal policies exhibit increased coordination; however, this may potentially undermine long-term local fiscal sustainability. It is therefore imperative for the central government of China to prioritize the harmonization of monetary and local fiscal policies and to consider their implications for local fiscal sustainability, while simultaneously encouraging intergovernmental cooperation and the establishment of an integrated large-scale market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Economics, Policies and Sustainable Development)

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28 pages, 4660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards More Sustainable Photovoltaic Systems: Enhanced Open-Circuit Voltage Prediction with a New Extreme Meteorological Year Model

by Carlos Sanchís-Gómez, Jorge Aleix-Moreno, Carlos Vargas-Salgado and David Alfonso-Solar

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7554; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167554 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Accurate prediction of maximum voltage is essential for the safe, efficient, and sustainable design of photovoltaic systems, as it defines the maximum allowable number of modules in series. This study examines how the choice of meteorological year affects voltage estimations in high-power PV [...] Read more.

Accurate prediction of maximum voltage is essential for the safe, efficient, and sustainable design of photovoltaic systems, as it defines the maximum allowable number of modules in series. This study examines how the choice of meteorological year affects voltage estimations in high-power PV systems. A comparison is made between maximum voltage results derived from typical meteorological (TMY) years and those based on inter-hourly historical data. The results reveal notable differences, with TMY often underestimating extreme voltage levels. To address this, the study introduces the Extreme Meteorological Year (EMY) model, which uses historical voltage percentiles to better estimate peak voltages and mitigate overvoltage risk. This model has been applied successfully in real PV plant designs. Its performance is assessed using monitoring data from seven PV projects in different regions. The EMY model demonstrates improved accuracy and safety in predicting maximum voltages compared to traditional datasets. Its percentile-based structure enables adaptation to different design criteria, enhancing reliability and supporting more sustainable photovoltaic deployment. Overall, the study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate meteorological data for voltage prediction and presents EMY as a robust tool for improving PV system design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Conversion and Sustainable Power Systems Engineering)

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20 pages, 1896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on Nutrient Removal in a Microalgae-Based Tertiary Treatment: A Pilot-Scale Study in Winter Conditions

by Sofia Vaz, Rui Martins, Helena M. Pinheiro and Laura Monteiro

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7553; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167553 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

The wastewater treatment (WWT) industry is currently facing challenges imposed by the revised urban WWT directive, particularly in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal. This implies the need for mandatory tertiary treatment, for which microalgae cultivation shows great sustainability promise. This [...] Read more.

The wastewater treatment (WWT) industry is currently facing challenges imposed by the revised urban WWT directive, particularly in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal. This implies the need for mandatory tertiary treatment, for which microalgae cultivation shows great sustainability promise. This study investigated the impact of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on nutrient removal in open-air microalgae cultivation for tertiary WWT under winter conditions. Two pilot-scale semi-continuous raceway systems were operated with indigenous microalgae, natural sunlight, and no pH control. HRT values of 4, 5.5, and 7 days were tested, and N, P, and carbon (C) removal and recovery were measured. All conditions allowed nitrogen removal, complying with the revised urban WWT directive. Regarding P, only the 7-day HRT condition consistently complied with the directive’s lowest limit (<0.5 mg P·L⁻¹) in the treated water, while 5.5 and 4 days left up to 0.7 and 1.0 mg P·L⁻¹, respectively, in up to 25% of the samples. A stable microalgae consortium was established under variable light, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions, albeit with variable biomass productivity. Elemental mass balances revealed that nutrients were mostly recovered in the produced biomass, particularly at high HRT, including effective CO₂ capture from the atmosphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Sustainable Water Resources)

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31 pages, 818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teachers’ Beliefs About Education for Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities

by Birol Bulut and Irem Elci Oksuzoglu

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7552; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167552 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine teachers’ belief levels regarding education for sustainable development (ESD), to identify the factors behind these beliefs, and to reveal their suggestions for improving the quality of ESD. The study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to examine teachers’ belief levels regarding education for sustainable development (ESD), to identify the factors behind these beliefs, and to reveal their suggestions for improving the quality of ESD. The study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Data were collected from 409 teachers working at primary and secondary schools in Türkiye through the “Beliefs About Education for Sustainable Development Scale” and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using an independent samples t-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson product-moment correlation, and the qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The results indicated that the participants’ beliefs in ESD practices were high, but these beliefs were negatively affected by challenges due to SD goals, policymakers, students, and parents. In addition, the participants made recommendations for improving the quality of ESD to policymakers, the Turkish Council of Higher Education, the Ministry of National Education, and their colleagues. The findings of the study present significant implications for policymakers and educators for more effective implementation of ESD in the education system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Paradigm in Teacher Education: Sustainability in Teacher Training)

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23 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phosphorus Cycling in Sediments of Deep and Large Reservoirs: Environmental Effects and Interface Processes

by Jue Wang, Jijun Gao, Qiwen Wang, Laisheng Liu, Huaidong Zhou, Shengjie Li, Hongcheng Shi and Siwei Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167551 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Although the sediment–water interface of deep and large reservoirs is recognized as a dominant source of internal phosphorus (P) loading, the quantitative hierarchy of environmental drivers and their interaction thresholds remains poorly resolved. Here, we integrate 512 studies to provide the first process-based [...] Read more.

Although the sediment–water interface of deep and large reservoirs is recognized as a dominant source of internal phosphorus (P) loading, the quantitative hierarchy of environmental drivers and their interaction thresholds remains poorly resolved. Here, we integrate 512 studies to provide the first process-based synthesis that partitions P release fluxes among temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, sediment properties, and microbial activity across canyon, valley, and plain-type reservoirs. By deriving standardized effect sizes from 61 data-rich papers, we show that (i) a 1 °C rise in bottom-water temperature increases soluble reactive P (SRP) flux by 12.4% (95% CI: 10.8–14.0%), with sensitivity 28% lower in Alpine oligotrophic systems and 20% higher in warm monomictic basins; (ii) a single-unit pH shift—whether acid or alkaline—stimulates P release through distinct desorption pathways,; and (iii) each 1 mg L⁻¹ drop in dissolved oxygen amplifies release by 31% (25–37%). Critically, we demonstrate that these drivers rarely act independently: multi-factor laboratory and in situ analyses reveal that simultaneous hypoxia and warming can triple the release rate predicted from single-factor models. We further identify that >75% of measurements originate from dam-proximal zones, creating spatial blind spots that currently limit global P-load forecasts to ±50% uncertainty. To close this gap, we advocate coupled metagenomic–geochemical observatories that link gene expression (phoD, ppk, pqqC) to real-time SRP fluxes. The review advances beyond the existing literature by (1) establishing the first quantitative, globally transferable framework for temperature-, DO-, and pH-based management levers; (2) exposing the overlooked role of regional climate in modulating temperature sensitivity; and (3) providing a research agenda that reduces forecasting uncertainty to <20% within two years. Full article

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33 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Contribution of Sustainable Human Resource Management to International Trade Governance

by Francesco Ceresia

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7550; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167550 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

In the last 30 years, many scholars have proposed multilevel regulatory systems that go beyond the mere management of duties, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers, seeking instead to promote ethical, environmental, and social principles in international trade. A literature review shows that no detailed [...] Read more.

In the last 30 years, many scholars have proposed multilevel regulatory systems that go beyond the mere management of duties, tariffs, and non-tariff barriers, seeking instead to promote ethical, environmental, and social principles in international trade. A literature review shows that no detailed studies have examined whether, or how, sustainable human resource management (SHRM) practices can contribute to the development of effective international trade governance models. The role of human resource management (HRM) in major international trade agreements proposed by the World Trade Organization, USA, and EU is analyzed and discussed. Adopting a narrative review method, this study formulates and discusses six propositions on the potential contribution of SHRM practices to enhancing the effectiveness of international trade governance. A model to carry out a construct and criterion validation of such SHRM practices to increase the efficacy of international trade governance is proposed. Finally, critical issues arising from the constraints imposed by the current international context—marked by high levels of uncertainty and conflict—are analyzed. This analysis provides a realistic assessment of the actual contribution of SHRM practices to the effective governance of international trade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Trade Governance and Policy and Sustainable Agricultural Economics)

24 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Supply Chain Finance on Enterprises’ Capacity Utilization: An Empirical Study Based on A-Share Listed Manufacturing Companies

by Yun Wang, Meiyi Xiong and Zhang-Hangjian Chen

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7549; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167549 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Enhancing capacity utilization (CU, hereinafter referred to as CU) is crucial for effectively solving the overcapacity problem, optimizing industrial structure, and promoting premium economic development. While extensive academic research has been conducted on CU, supply chain finance (SCF, hereinafter referred to as SCF) [...] Read more.

Enhancing capacity utilization (CU, hereinafter referred to as CU) is crucial for effectively solving the overcapacity problem, optimizing industrial structure, and promoting premium economic development. While extensive academic research has been conducted on CU, supply chain finance (SCF, hereinafter referred to as SCF) and its influence on corporate capacity constraints remain largely unexplored. This study carefully examines how SCF affects corporate CU and the transmission mechanism, with a focus on China’s A-share listed businesses (2010–2023). The result shows that SCF improves businesses’ CU. After applying various robustness and endogeneity tests, the findings still hold that SCF largely affects the growth in CU throughby alleviating financing constraints, reducing internal agency costs, enhancing technological innovation, and improving inefficient investment. Further analysis indicates that close supply chain relationships, lower supply chain efficiency and non-state ownership, higher industry competition, a high marketization level, and a high level of financial development all enhance the “de-capacity” effect of SCF. Besides enriching the theoretical framework of SCF’s economic impacts, this research develops an operational solution to mitigate production overcapacity, a long-standing structural issue in China’s manufacturing industries, and provides a solid theoretical support for SCF to strengthen the foundation of the real economy and spearhead the sustainable, productivity-driven development of China’s economic landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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17 pages, 2134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Study on the Energy Consumption Characteristics of Individual and Cluster Thermal Storage Electric Heating Systems

by Bo Qu, Hongjie Jia, Ling Cheng and Xuming Wu

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7548; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167548 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the energy consumption characteristics of individual and clustered thermal storage electric heating systems, focusing on their sustainability implications for regional load distribution and user energy consumption patterns. Simulation results show that thermal storage electric heating shifts peak energy demand from [...] Read more.

This study investigates the energy consumption characteristics of individual and clustered thermal storage electric heating systems, focusing on their sustainability implications for regional load distribution and user energy consumption patterns. Simulation results show that thermal storage electric heating shifts peak energy demand from daytime to nighttime low-price hours, reducing electricity costs and optimizing grid load balancing. As the proportion of thermal storage electric heating increases from 10% to 30%, the daytime minimum load reduction rate rises from 7% to 22%, while the nighttime maximum load increase rate increases from 16% to 63%. This operational mode supports sustainable energy usage by alleviating daytime grid peak pressure and leveraging low-cost, off-peak electricity for heat storage. The findings highlight the potential of thermal storage electric heating to enhance energy efficiency, integrate renewable energy, and promote grid stability, contributing to a more sustainable energy system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Environment and Sustainable Energy Efficiency)

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22 pages, 6426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Soil Fertility in Semi-Arid Agroecosystems Using Interpretable Machine Learning Models: A Sustainable Approach for Data-Sparse Regions

by Nurullah Acir

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167547 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

The accurate assessment of soil fertility is critical for guiding nutrient management and promoting sustainable agriculture in semi-arid agroecosystems. In this study, a machine learning-based Soil Fertility Index (SFI) model was developed using regularized regression techniques to evaluate fertility across a dryland maize-growing [...] Read more.

The accurate assessment of soil fertility is critical for guiding nutrient management and promoting sustainable agriculture in semi-arid agroecosystems. In this study, a machine learning-based Soil Fertility Index (SFI) model was developed using regularized regression techniques to evaluate fertility across a dryland maize-growing region in southeastern Türkiye. A total of 64 composite soil samples were collected from the Batman Plain, characterized by alkaline and salinity-prone conditions. Five soil chemical indicators, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic matter (OM), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), were selected for SFI estimation using a standardized rating approach. The dataset was randomly split into training (80%) and test (20%) subsets to calibrate and validate the models. Ridge, Lasso, and Elastic Net regression models were employed to predict SFI and assess variable importance. Among these, the Lasso model achieved the highest predictive accuracy on test data (R² = 0.746, RMSE = 0.060), retaining only EC and Zn as significant predictors. Ridge and Elastic Net captured OM and pH, though their contributions were minimal (|β| < 0.01). Spatial predictions showed moderate alignment with observed SFI values (range: 0.48–0.76), but all models underestimated high-fertility zones (>0.69), likely due to coefficient shrinkage. Despite its simplicity, the Lasso model offered superior interpretability and spatial resolution. The results reveal the potential of interpretable machine learning for supporting sustainable, site-specific fertility assessment and informed nutrient management in data-scarce and environmentally vulnerable regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil Conservation and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 9685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Planning Policies and Architectural Design for Sustainable Food Security: A Case Study of Smart Cities in Indonesia

by Rafi Haikal, Thoriqi Firdaus, Herdis Herdiansyah and Rizqi Shafira Chairunnisa

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167546 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

The urgent need for sustainable food systems in Indonesia is hindered by urban planning policies that are disconnected from food security priorities. Smart city planning policies in Indonesia have been subject to numerous misconceptions compared to successful implementations in developed countries. This study [...] Read more.

The urgent need for sustainable food systems in Indonesia is hindered by urban planning policies that are disconnected from food security priorities. Smart city planning policies in Indonesia have been subject to numerous misconceptions compared to successful implementations in developed countries. This study examines the relationship between urban planning policies and architectural design in fostering sustainable food systems, employing a mixed-methods approach that combines multiple linear regression analysis with a sample of 75 smart cities, correlation analysis, and case studies from six representative cities that demonstrate best practices. Key findings reveal that food security is significantly undermined by the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), indicating distributional inequalities, high food expenditure, and a lack of clean water, while access to electricity improves resilience. Case study analysis showed that Semarang is the city with the highest readiness level (97%), followed by Makassar (91%), which employs a Holistic Benchmark approach, Jakarta (91%), which follows a Technological—fragmented approach, Samarinda (86%) and Medan (79%), which are in a Developing Transition phase, and Surabaya (66%), which utilizes a Community and Local Initiatives approach. Each city adopted a different approach, which means the national strategy for developing Smart Cities will also differ; however, they must prioritize equitable infrastructure and architectural innovation, such as urban farming integration and a water–energy–food nexus system. Smart cities extend beyond technological innovations, encompassing integrated urban planning policies and architectural practices that foster sustainable food systems through infrastructure management and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Sustainable Urban Planning and Urban Development)

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20 pages, 1533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Wastewater Treatment Sustainability Through Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization: A Life-Cycle Perspective

by Kayode J. Taiwo, Andrada V. Oancea, Nithya Sree Kotha and Joseph G. Usack

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7545; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167545 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are critical infrastructure that lessen the environmental impacts of human activity by stabilizing wastewaters laden with organics, chemicals, and nutrients. WWTPs face an increasing global population, greater wastewater volumes, stricter environmental regulations, and additional societal pressures to implement more [...] Read more.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are critical infrastructure that lessen the environmental impacts of human activity by stabilizing wastewaters laden with organics, chemicals, and nutrients. WWTPs face an increasing global population, greater wastewater volumes, stricter environmental regulations, and additional societal pressures to implement more sustainable and energy-efficient waste management strategies. WWTPs are energy-intensive facilities that generate significant GHG emissions and involve high operational costs. Therefore, improving the process efficiency can lead to widespread environmental and economic benefits. One promising approach is to integrate anaerobic digestion (AD) with hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to enhance sludge treatment, optimize energy recovery, create valuable bio-based materials, and minimize sludge disposal. This study employs an LCA to evaluate the environmental impact of coupling HTC with AD compared to conventional AD treatment. HTC degrades wastewater sludge in an aqueous medium, producing carbon-dense hydrochar while reducing sludge volumes. HTC also generates an aqueous byproduct containing >30% of the original carbon as simple organics. In this system model, the aqueous byproduct is returned to AD to generate additional biogas, which then provides heat and power for the WWTP and HTC process. The results indicate that the integrated AD + HTC system significantly reduces environmental emissions and sludge volumes, increases net energy recovery, and improves wastewater sludge valorization compared to conventional AD. This research highlights the potential of AD + HTC as a key circular bioeconomy strategy, offering an innovative and efficient solution for advancing the sustainability of WWTPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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27 pages, 9596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Multiple Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Dynamics in Yunnan Province, China

by Anlan Feng, Zhenya Zhu, Xiudi Zhu, Qiang Zhang, Meng Wang, Hongqing Li, Ying Wang, Zhiming Wang, Peng Sun and Gang Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7544; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167544 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Vegetation plays an important role in the hydrological cycle, carbon storage and regional climate. It provides multiple ecosystem services, regulates ecosystem structure and promotes the sustainable and stable development of the earth’s ecosystem. Under the interference of the ever-changing environment, vegetation vulnerability is [...] Read more.

Vegetation plays an important role in the hydrological cycle, carbon storage and regional climate. It provides multiple ecosystem services, regulates ecosystem structure and promotes the sustainable and stable development of the earth’s ecosystem. Under the interference of the ever-changing environment, vegetation vulnerability is increasingly evident. This study focuses on Yunnan Province, China, where we analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of NDVI at both provincial and municipal scales. Utilizing methods such as geographical detectors, time-lag analysis, and residual analysis, we identify key drivers of NDVI changes in Yunnan. From 2001 to 2023, the multi-year average NDVI in Yunnan decreases spatially from southwest to southeast, with the annual maximum NDVI increasing at a rate of 0.025 per decade. Qujing City exhibits the fastest NDVI growth, while Diqing City shows the slowest. Vegetation degradation is primarily concentrated in central Yunnan. The NDVI in Yunnan demonstrates significant spatial heterogeneity, influenced by a combination of climatic, topographic, and anthropogenic factors. The interaction between land use type and precipitation is identified as a key driver, explaining over 50% of the spatial distribution of NDVI. Approximately 83% and 82% of vegetated areas in Yunnan exhibit delayed responses to precipitation and temperature changes, respectively. Notably, 73% of the NDVI increase and 7% of the NDVI decrease in Yunnan were jointly affected by climate change and human activities, and positive contributions from these factors cover 92% and 90% of the area, respectively. The impact of human activities on vegetation is mainly positive, although urbanization in central Yunnan significantly inhibits NDVI. By elucidating key mechanisms, this work fosters balanced vegetation–environment synergies in Yunnan and supports the building of ecological safeguards in China. Full article

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25 pages, 3532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Design and Lifecycle Prediction of Crusher Blades Through a Digital Replica-Based Predictive Prototyping Framework and Data-Efficient Machine Learning

by Hilmi Saygin Sucuoglu, Serra Aksoy, Pinar Demircioglu and Ismail Bogrekci

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7543; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167543 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Sustainable product development demands components that last longer, consume less energy, and can be refurbished within circular supply chains. This study introduces a digital replica-based predictive prototyping workflow for industrial crusher blades that meets these goals. Six commercially used blade geometries (A–F) were [...] Read more.

Sustainable product development demands components that last longer, consume less energy, and can be refurbished within circular supply chains. This study introduces a digital replica-based predictive prototyping workflow for industrial crusher blades that meets these goals. Six commercially used blade geometries (A–F) were recreated as high-fidelity finite-element models and subjected to an identical 5 kN cutting load. Comparative simulations revealed that a triple-edged hooked profile (Blade A) reduced peak von Mises stress by 53% and total deformation by 71% compared with a conventional flat blade, indicating lower drive-motor power and slower wear. To enable fast virtual prototyping and condition-based maintenance, deformation was subsequently predicted using a data-efficient machine-learning model. Multi-view image augmentation enlarged the experimental dataset from 6 to 60 samples, and an XGBoost regressor, trained on computer-vision geometry features and engineering parameters, achieved R² = 0.996 and MAE = 0.005 mm in five-fold cross-validation. Feature-importance analysis highlighted applied stress, safety factor, and edge design as the dominant predictors. The integrated method reduces development cycles, reduces material loss via iteration, extends the life of blades, and facilitates refurbishment decisions, providing a foundation for future integration into digital twin systems to support sustainable product development and predictive maintenance in heavy-duty manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Sustainability in New Product Development and Supply Chain)

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19 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inequalities in Drinking Water Access in Piura (Peru): Territorial Diagnosis and Governance Challenges

by Eduardo Alonso Sánchez Ruiz, Lázaro V. Cremades and Stephanie Villanueva Benites

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7542; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167542 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Latin American countries continue to face critical challenges in ensuring safe and continuous access to drinking water, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas. This article presents a territorial and institutional diagnosis of drinking water access in the Piura region (Peru). It is a [...] Read more.

Latin American countries continue to face critical challenges in ensuring safe and continuous access to drinking water, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas. This article presents a territorial and institutional diagnosis of drinking water access in the Piura region (Peru). It is a coastal region with approximately 2 million inhabitants, characterized by environmental stress, governance fragmentation, and social inequality. The study adopts a structural documentary approach based on academic literature and validated institutional data to analyze spatial disparities in water coverage, continuity, and quality. It identifies structural and institutional barriers—such as overlapping mandates, limited local capacity, and the absence of monitoring systems—to universal access. The findings also highlight the limitations of isolated innovation efforts, such as pilot projects led by universities and private companies, which often lack mechanisms for institutional integration and policy scaling. The analysis is framed within international water governance frameworks, including the OECD Principles and the Integrated Water Resources Management paradigm, and aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 6. The study offers a multi-scalar perspective grounded in local realities and identifies governance research gaps in rural Peru. Results underscore the need for territorialized planning, strengthened coordination, and inclusive governance to achieve sustainable and equitable water access in fragile contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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27 pages, 28315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Optimization of Low-Density Commercial Streets: A Multi-Objective Study Based on Genetic Algorithm

by Hongchi Zhang, Liangshan You, Hong Yuan and Fei Guo

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7541; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167541 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Through their open space layout, rich green configuration and low floor area ratio (FAR), low-density commercial blocks show significant advantages in creating high-quality outdoor thermal comfort (Universal Thermal Climate Index, UTCI) environment, reducing regional energy consumption load (building energy consumption, BEC) potential, providing [...] Read more.

Through their open space layout, rich green configuration and low floor area ratio (FAR), low-density commercial blocks show significant advantages in creating high-quality outdoor thermal comfort (Universal Thermal Climate Index, UTCI) environment, reducing regional energy consumption load (building energy consumption, BEC) potential, providing pleasant public space experience and enhancing environmental resilience, which are different from traditional high-density business models. This study proposes a workflow for morphological design of low-density commercial blocks based on parametric modeling via the Grasshopper platform and the NSGA-II algorithm, which aims to balance environmental benefits (UTCI, BEC) and spatial efficiency (FAR). This study employs EnergyPlus, Wallacei and other relevant tools, along with the NSGA-II algorithm, to perform numerical simulations and multi-objective optimization, thus obtaining the Pareto optimal solution set. It also clarifies the correlation between morphological parameters and target variables. The results show the following: (1) The multi-objective optimization model is effective in optimizing the three objectives for block buildings. When compared to the extreme inferior solution, the optimal solution that is closest to the ideal point brings about a 33.2% reduction in BEC and a 1.3 °C drop in UTCI, while achieving a 102.8% increase in FAR. (2) The impact of design variables varies across the three optimization objectives. Among them, the number of floors of slab buildings has the most significant impact on BEC, UTCI and FAR. (3) There is a significant correlation between urban morphological parameters–energy efficiency correlation index, and BEC, UTCI, and FAR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability, 4th Edition)

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27 pages, 5174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Carbon Emission Efficiency in China’s Resource-Based Cities Based on Super-Efficiency SBM-GML Measurement and Spatial Econometric Tests

by Wei Wang, Xiang Liu, Xianghua Liu, Xiaoling Li, Fengchu Liao, Han Tang and Qiuzhi He

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7540; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167540 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

To advance global climate governance, this study investigates the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) of 110 Chinese resource-based cities (RBCs) using a super-efficiency SBM-GML model combined with kernel density estimation and spatial analysis (2006–2022). Spatial Durbin model (SDM) and geographically and temporally weighted regression [...] Read more.

To advance global climate governance, this study investigates the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) of 110 Chinese resource-based cities (RBCs) using a super-efficiency SBM-GML model combined with kernel density estimation and spatial analysis (2006–2022). Spatial Durbin model (SDM) and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) further elucidate the driving mechanisms. The results show that (1) RBCs achieved modest CEE growth (3.8% annual average), driven primarily by regenerative cities (4.8% growth). Regional disparities persisted due to decoupling between technological efficiency and technological progress, causing fluctuating growth rates; (2) CEE exhibited high-value clustering in the northeastern and eastern regions, contrasting with low-value continuity in the central and western areas. Regional convergence emerged through technology diffusion, narrowing spatial disparities; (3) energy intensity and government intervention directly hinder CEE improvement, while rigid industrial structures and expanded production cause negative spatial spillovers, increasing regional carbon lock-in risks. Conversely, trade openness and innovation level promote cross-regional emission reductions; (4) the influencing factors exhibit strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity, with varying magnitudes and directions across regions and development stages. The findings provide a spatial governance framework to facilitate improvements in CEE in RBCs, emphasizing industrial structure optimization, inter-regional technological alliances, and policy coordination to accelerate low-carbon transitions. Full article

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17 pages, 371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The ESG Paradox: Risk, Sustainability, and the Smokescreen Effect

by Manpreet Kaur Makkar, Basit Ali Bhat, Mohsin Showkat and Fatma Mabrouk

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7539; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167539 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Despite numerous global initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the implementation of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics aimed at mitigating climate change, promoting social welfare, and addressing a variety of other causes, progress has been significantly slower than expected, [...] Read more.

Despite numerous global initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the implementation of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics aimed at mitigating climate change, promoting social welfare, and addressing a variety of other causes, progress has been significantly slower than expected, particularly in developing economies. Thus, we attempted to link corporate ESG to sustainable development. It was also investigated whether ESG contributes to a reduction in corporate risk. Using panel data and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique, we examine the relationship between ESG scores and important financial risk indicators such as systematic risk (beta), stock price volatility, unsystematic risk, and the cost of capital (WACC). The findings show that corporations place a disproportionate emphasis on governance (G) rather than environmental (E) and social (S) characteristics. ESG and G governance were also found to be statistically significant predictors of financial risk. This disparity shows that companies may be using high governance scores to conceal underperformance in environmental and social issues, raising worries about greenwashing and superficial compliance. As a result, their contributions to SDGs such as affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), climate action (SDG 13), and reduced inequalities (SDG 10) are minimal. The findings highlight the need for a more open, balanced, and integrated ESG approach, one that not only promotes sustainable development but also improves long-term financial resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue ESG Management, Performance, and Corporate Sustainability: Insights and Innovations)

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16 pages, 1010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Basin Ecological Compensation Promote Green Economic Development in the Compensated Area?—A Quasi-Natural Experiment Focusing on the Tingjiang-Hanjiang River Basin, China

by Yunru Pan, Aijun Yang and Bicheng Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167538 - 21 Aug 2025

Abstract

Ecological compensation policies have become increasingly important for sustainable watershed management worldwide. Current research primarily examines environmental outcomes, resulting in a limited understanding of their economic impacts, especially concerning green development. This study evaluates the ecological compensation pilot in the Tingjiang-Hanjiang River Basin, [...] Read more.

Ecological compensation policies have become increasingly important for sustainable watershed management worldwide. Current research primarily examines environmental outcomes, resulting in a limited understanding of their economic impacts, especially concerning green development. This study evaluates the ecological compensation pilot in the Tingjiang-Hanjiang River Basin, using difference-in-differences (DID) and mediation analysis on panel data from 136 counties spanning the 2009–2022 period. The findings indicate that the ecological compensation policy reduced green economic growth by 3.94% in the compensated regions. However, it also promotes ecological protection, as demonstrated in the Wujiang and Yuanjiang River Basins, where compensation standards and methods are designed to encourage conservation. The main challenge to green economic development in the Tingjiang-Hanjiang River Basin during the first two phases of ecological compensation policies is the lack of environmentally focused technological innovation, resulting in limited growth. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that these policies are less effective in restraining activities in economically weaker upstream regions than in more developed downstream areas. Consequently, key requirements for advancing green economic development in the third round of compensation policies are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental and Economic Sustainability of Urban Agglomeration Under Resource-Conserving and Environmentally Friendly Policy: Evidence from China

by Meiyu Jing, Hailong Ju, Yu Wang and Chen Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7537; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167537 - 20 Aug 2025

Abstract

Environmental policy helps policymakers and researchers understand the process and expected effects of policy before the policies are fully implemented. This study aims to estimate the effects of resource-conserving and environmentally friendly policy implemented in the Wuhan metropolitan area and Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan urban agglomeration. [...] Read more.

Environmental policy helps policymakers and researchers understand the process and expected effects of policy before the policies are fully implemented. This study aims to estimate the effects of resource-conserving and environmentally friendly policy implemented in the Wuhan metropolitan area and Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan urban agglomeration. The synthetic control method is employed as an estimation method. The results show that policy has positive impacts on economic development and SO₂ emission reduction in the pilot regions but cannot improve wastewater treatment. Compared to large cities, medium-sized and small cities are more sensitive to policies since the large cities have transferred a large number of enterprises with high energy consumption and high emissions to the surrounding medium-sized and small cities. The study also finds that the Wuhan metropolitan area reduces pollution emissions through increasing environmental investment and the efficiency of resource allocation. In the Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan urban agglomeration, policy triggers green technology innovation to improve the environment and boost the economy. Full article

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