Sustainability

20 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessArticle

Financial Structure, Technological Innovation, and Environmental Pressure in the European Union: Evidence from a PMG Panel ARDL Model

by Furkan Yıldırım, Ulaş Ünlü, Ayhan Kuloğlu, Nuri Avşarlıgil and Özkan Çıtak

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010551 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 947

Abstract

This study examines the association between financial structure components—financial access, depth, and efficiency—technological innovation, and environmental pressure in the European Union over the period 1992–2021, with the EU energy transition serving as the broader policy context. To capture the multidimensional nature of environmental [...] Read more.

This study examines the association between financial structure components—financial access, depth, and efficiency—technological innovation, and environmental pressure in the European Union over the period 1992–2021, with the EU energy transition serving as the broader policy context. To capture the multidimensional nature of environmental pressure, a composite Environmental Pressure Index (EPI) is constructed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), integrating indicators of air pollution, biocapacity, ecological footprint, and income-related economic activity. Employing a Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimator within a panel ARDL framework, the results indicate that financial access is positively associated with environmental pressure in both the short and long run, whereas financial depth and financial efficiency are linked to lower environmental pressure over the long term. Technological innovation exhibits a time-varying relationship: innovation-related activities are associated with higher environmental pressure in the short run, reflecting transitional adjustment costs, but with reduced pressure in the long run as cleaner and more efficient technologies diffuse. Urbanization and population growth are also found to contribute positively to environmental pressure, pointing to persistent demographic challenges within the EU. From a policy perspective, the findings highlight the importance of aligning financial governance with the objectives of the European Green Deal by incorporating environmental efficiency considerations into credit allocation, supporting innovation-oriented investments, and promoting integrated spatial and environmental planning. Overall, the study suggests that coordinated financial development and innovation policies can contribute to mitigating environmental pressure in the European Union over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Environment: Policy, Economics and Modeling)

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35 pages, 2458 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Multidimensional Hierarchy of Sustainable Living Experience in Inclusive Innovation Districts: The Case of Silicon Alley

by Junqing Zhu and Chenshu Liu

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010550 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 720

Abstract

The Silicon Alley model is enhancing neighborhood competitiveness through cultural and technological innovation, while the living experience of its inhabitants serves as a critical foundation for sustainable development. This study investigates neighborhoods developed under the Silicon Alley framework. It explores theoretical models and [...] Read more.

The Silicon Alley model is enhancing neighborhood competitiveness through cultural and technological innovation, while the living experience of its inhabitants serves as a critical foundation for sustainable development. This study investigates neighborhoods developed under the Silicon Alley framework. It explores theoretical models and practical pathways that use inclusive design to enhance public facilities and service strategies, ultimately aiming to build a sustainable living experience system. Utilizing a combined LDA-DEMATEL-ISM-MICMAC methodology, the research first identifies seven key factors influencing living experience from multi-source texts, spanning social, technological, emotional, and governance dimensions. It then reveals the cause-effect relationships, hierarchical structure, and driver-dependency mechanisms among these factors. The findings indicate that sustainable collaborative governance acts as a fundamental driver, diversified community experience and urban attractiveness serve as intermediate transmission factors, while Elderly-Friendly Livelihood Experience, Digital Block Experience, Artistic Life Scene Experience, and Local Cultural and Historical Experience function as surface-level outcome factors. The study proposes short-term priorities focusing on collaborative governance and social integration, and long-term strategies emphasizing livelihood services and cultural identity. These recommendations are intended to enhance neighborhood living experience, promote inclusive and sustainable urban renewal, and provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for achieving sustainable neighborhood development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Socially Sustainable Urban and Architectural Design)

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24 pages, 2852 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorizing Rice Husk Waste as a Biosorbent with Gamma-Induced Surface Modification for Enhanced Heavy-Metal Adsorption

by Kulthida Saemood, Siriphon Samutsan, Kasinee Hemvichian, Pattra Lertsarawut, Saowaluck Thong-In, Harinate Mungpayaban, Shinji Tokonami, Ryoma Tokonami, Tatsuhiro Takahashi and Kiadtisak Saenboonruang

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010549 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 656

Abstract

This work investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on the adsorption capacities of rice husk (RH) for the removal of Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions, with potential applications in wastewater remediation. RH samples were gamma-irradiated [...] Read more.

This work investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on the adsorption capacities of rice husk (RH) for the removal of Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions, with potential applications in wastewater remediation. RH samples were gamma-irradiated at doses up to 40 kGy and characterized using SEM-EDS, XRF, FTIR, XRD, and BET analyses. While morphological and textural changes remained subtle, FTIR and SEM-EDS confirmed the formation and intensification of oxygen-containing functional groups, including –OH, –COOH, and C=O, as well as increased exposure of silica (Si–O) on the surfaces, which substantially enhanced surface reactivity of RH toward metal ions. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that 40-kGy irradiated RH samples (RH-40) exhibited the highest removal efficiencies compared to non-irradiated and lower-dose samples (RH-0, RH-10, RH-20, and RH-30), specifically with improvements of 415% for Cu²⁺, 502% for Cr³⁺, and 663% for Zn²⁺ compared to RH-0, determined at the initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Kinetic studies also showed rapid adsorption within the first 10–15 min, dominated initially by boundary-layer diffusion, followed by chemisorption-driven equilibrium behavior. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) model provided an excellent fit for all metals (R² = 0.999), indicating maximum model-predicted kinetic capacities of 555.56 mg/g (Cu²⁺), 769.23 mg/g (Cr³⁺), and 434.78 mg/g (Zn²⁺). Langmuir isotherms also fitted well (R² = 0.941–0.995), with predicted monolayer capacities of 535.33 mg/g (Cu²⁺), 491.64 mg/g (Cr³⁺), and 318.88 mg/g (Zn²⁺). Freundlich modeling further indicated favorable heterogeneous adsorption, with K_F values of 42.614 (Zn²⁺), 20.443 (Cr³⁺), and 16.524 (Cu²⁺) and heterogeneity factors (n) greater than 1 for all metals. These overall results suggested that gamma irradiation substantially enhanced RH functionality that enabled fast and high-capacity heavy-metal adsorption through surface oxidation and carbon valorization. Gamma-irradiated RH, therefore, represented a promising, low-cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for wastewater treatment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials, Waste Management, and Recycling)

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20 pages, 2952 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Microbial Biodegradation of PPCPs in Wastewater via Natural Self-Purification in a Novel Constructed Wetland System

by Bhautik Dave, Ewa Łobos-Moysa, Anna Kuznik, Abdullah Maqsood, Augustine Nana Sekyi Appiah, Swiatoslaw Krzeszowski and Rushikesh Joshi

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010548 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 780

Abstract

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging contaminants posing ecological risks in wastewater. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer sustainable treatment through integrated biological processes. In this study, a biomimetic microbial CW reactor was developed using 30 L aquariums with porous media, aeration setups, [...] Read more.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging contaminants posing ecological risks in wastewater. Constructed wetlands (CWs) offer sustainable treatment through integrated biological processes. In this study, a biomimetic microbial CW reactor was developed using 30 L aquariums with porous media, aeration setups, and surface plants to simulate natural wetland conditions. This design combines enhanced microbial degradation strategies using fungal (Trametes versicolor), bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and consortia degradation, integrating multiple biological pathways. Synthetic wastewater containing 100 mg/L of selected PPCPs, including caffeine, methylparaben, and trichlorocarbanilide (TCC), was used to evaluate the degradation potential of these microbial treatments. While caffeine and methylparaben were effectively targeted, TCC degradation was inconclusive due to solubility limitations in the selected solvent. Over three months, system stability, plant growth, and microbial biomass were monitored, and contaminant degradation was tracked using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis. Results demonstrated that individual fungal and bacterial treatments achieved near-complete caffeine degradation (99–100%) within seven weeks, while the combined treatment accelerated this process to just four weeks. Methylparaben followed a similar trend, achieving complete degradation by the seventh week. This study highlights the potential of microbial CW systems fortified with targeted microbial consortia as a scalable solution for pollutant removal. Future work should refine microbial combinations and analytical methods to expand the range of treatable pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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41 pages, 1951 KB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Resource Rents and Capital Formation Nexus: Empirical Evidence on Foreign Direct Investment as a Moderator from the BRICS Economies

by Fahmida Laghari, Farhan Ahmed, Rafique Ur Rehman Memon and Daniela Haluza

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010547 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 727

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of natural resource rents (natural gas, forests, minerals, and oil) on capital formation in BRICS economies from 1990 to 2023. It focuses on the importance of natural resource rents and their influence on capital formation in Brazil, Russia, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of natural resource rents (natural gas, forests, minerals, and oil) on capital formation in BRICS economies from 1990 to 2023. It focuses on the importance of natural resource rents and their influence on capital formation in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is included as a moderating factor. Using the method of moment quantile regression (MMQR), the study finds that higher natural resource rents reduce gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in the upper quantiles. In contrast, FDI dampens these adverse effects and strengthens the positive impact on GFCF in the upper quantiles. Granger causality analysis reveals that natural gas rent, FDI, GDP, trade openness, domestic investment, and institutional quality all affect capital formation, with feedback relationships evident. There is unidirectional causality from forest rent and mineral rent to capital formation, and from capital formation to inflation and financial development. Propensity score matching (PSM) indicates that BRICS economies with higher FDI also have higher GFCF, owing to FDI’s influence on resource rents. The seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) analysis for cross-country comparison indicates that Russia has higher NGR, FR, and OR, resulting in more pronounced negative changes in Russia’s capital formation than in India. Additionally, the results of the SUR analysis indicate that China’s higher NGR, FR, and OR are associated with larger adverse changes in capital formation than those in Russia. The findings from additional analysis using the PSTR model, with gross capital formation as the dependent variable, indicate that when institutions are weak, natural resources reduce gross capital formation and foreign investment in resource sectors yields minimal spillovers. However, when institutions are stronger, natural resources are used productively, and investment from outside the resource sector yields broader benefits, boosting GCF. Moreover, robustness checks using panel fixed-effects regression and endogeneity analysis with a system GMM estimator show that higher natural resource rents are associated with weaker capital formation, and that FDI mitigates the negative influence of natural resource rents as a moderating factor. These empirical results can inform policy recommendations on natural resource rents and FDI to achieve high capital formation in BRICS economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Economics, Energy Transition and Environmental Sustainability)

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24 pages, 858 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Impact of Command-and-Control Environmental Regulations on Green Innovation of Agricultural-Related Enterprises

by Wenhao Wang, Fang Li, Meixia Zhang and Yinuo Meng

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010546 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 795

Abstract

With the intensification of global environmental challenges and the growing demand for sustainable agricultural transformation, understanding how environmental regulation shapes enterprise innovation has become increasingly important. This study examines the impact of command-and-control environmental regulation on green innovation in agricultural enterprises using panel [...] Read more.

With the intensification of global environmental challenges and the growing demand for sustainable agricultural transformation, understanding how environmental regulation shapes enterprise innovation has become increasingly important. This study examines the impact of command-and-control environmental regulation on green innovation in agricultural enterprises using panel data from agriculture-related enterprises listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share exchanges. The analysis focuses on the period 2012–2021, which is characterised by relatively stable environmental regulation and reliable data, providing a consistent empirical context for assessing the effects of command-and-control environmental regulation. By analyzing the characteristics of command-and-control environmental regulation and green innovation in agricultural enterprises, this research constructs and estimates a two-way fixed effects model, a moderating effects model, a mediating effects model, and a spatial Durbin model to explore both direct and spillover effects. The empirical results show that the following findings: (1) Command-and-control environmental regulation significantly promotes green innovation in agricultural enterprises, and this effect remains robust across alternative measurements and model specifications. (2) Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the direct effect of command-and-control environmental regulation is most pronounced in eastern regions, non-state-owned enterprises, and enterprises with weaker environmental, social, and governance performance. (3) Moderation analysis shows that agricultural industrial coordination and executive green cognition significantly strengthen the positive relationship between command-and-control environmental regulation and green innovation in agricultural enterprises. (4) Mediation analysis demonstrates that green management costs serve as a partial mediator in this relationship. (5) Spatial analysis reveals that spatial correlation patterns are evolving over time, with significant positive spillover effects observed among geographically and economically adjacent regions. The findings provide theoretical and empirical evidence to inform the design of coordinated environmental regulation frameworks that effectively stimulate green innovation and foster sustainable agricultural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intangible Capital and Sustainable Development: A Nonparametric Dynamic Analysis

by Qing Li, Tsun Se Cheong and Shuaiyi Liu

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010545 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 645

Abstract

The world has fully entered the era of the intangible economy, in which intangible capital serves as the primary driver for achieving sustainable development. This paper employs a nonparametric dynamic distribution approach to analyze the short-term transitional patterns and long-term steady-state trends of [...] Read more.

The world has fully entered the era of the intangible economy, in which intangible capital serves as the primary driver for achieving sustainable development. This paper employs a nonparametric dynamic distribution approach to analyze the short-term transitional patterns and long-term steady-state trends of intangible capital investment across 30 developed economies, shedding light on pathways for national sustainable development from the perspective of intangible capital. Meanwhile, this paper examines the impact of industrial structure, income structure, and external-demand dependence on intangible capital investment. The results show that (1) intangible capital investment exhibits persistence, and its long-term development shows signs of unconditional convergence; (2) the tertiary industry significantly promotes the development of intangible capital, highlighting the crucial role of industrial structure upgrading in fostering intangible-driven sustainability; (3) the development of intangible capital does not necessarily substitute for human capital or reduce the labor income share; and (4) extremely high reliance on the external market may hinder the growth of intangible capital. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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40 pages, 6176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Price-Calibrated Network Loss–Carbon Emission Co-Optimization for Radial Active Distribution Networks via DistFlow-Based MISOCP Reconfiguration

by Ziyan Li, Yongjie Wang, Yang Si and Xiaobin Gao

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010544 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 576

Abstract

Active distribution networks (ADNs) with high DER penetration require coordinated decisions to ensure voltage security, limit losses, and support low-carbon targets. However, most reconfiguration-centric studies prioritize loss/cost and rarely integrate carbon pricing and emission accounting into a unified framework with verifiable optimality. This [...] Read more.

Active distribution networks (ADNs) with high DER penetration require coordinated decisions to ensure voltage security, limit losses, and support low-carbon targets. However, most reconfiguration-centric studies prioritize loss/cost and rarely integrate carbon pricing and emission accounting into a unified framework with verifiable optimality. This study develops a DistFlow-based mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) model that co-optimizes feeder reconfiguration and resource active/reactive dispatch under a price-calibrated loss–emission objective. The framework coordinates PV/WT generation, MTs, aggregated PHEVs (V2G), and reactive-support devices (SVCs and switched capacitor banks (CBs)) and is solved by commercial CPLEX to global optimality for the SOCP-relaxed problem. On the IEEE 33-bus feeder, device coordination reduces losses from 0.203 MW to 0.0382 MW (81.18%) and CO₂ emissions from 2.3872 to 0.3433 tCO₂ (85.62%), while reducing operating cost from CNY 354.9357 to CNY 56.6271 (84.05%). Enabling reconfiguration further reduces losses to 0.0205 MW (89.90%), emissions to 0.2580 tCO₂ (89.19%), and operating cost to CNY 37.4677 (89.44%), while keeping voltages within 0.99–1.01 p.u. Relative to device-only operation, reconfiguration yields 46.34% loss reduction, 24.85% emission reduction, and 33.83% operating-cost reduction. The mixed-integer optimality gap is ~10⁻⁷, and the solution quality for the original non-convex model depends on the tightness of the SOCP relaxation, which is numerically tight in the cases we studied. These results show interpretable technical and environmental gains via coordinated dispatch and topology control in radial ADNs at scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management for Distributed Energy Resources)

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26 pages, 3099 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bread and Bakery Products: Cultural Importance, Consumption, Purchase Patterns, and Household Waste During Ramadan in Constantine, Algeria

by Fatima Zohra Becila, Linda Dridi, Abdallah Bouasla, Rania Boussekine and Meriem Bencharif

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010543 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1044

Abstract

Household bread and bakery product waste constitutes a growing issue in Algeria, with significant economic, environmental, and socio-cultural implications. This research is situated within the framework of sustainable food systems and responds to recent transformations in domestic food practices, driven by increased female [...] Read more.

Household bread and bakery product waste constitutes a growing issue in Algeria, with significant economic, environmental, and socio-cultural implications. This research is situated within the framework of sustainable food systems and responds to recent transformations in domestic food practices, driven by increased female labor force participation, time constraints, and the widespread availability of industrial bread, which have reshaped household food management and traditional home bread-making practices. The study aims to (1) review traditional Algerian breads, emphasizing their culinary, nutritional, and cultural significance; (2) examine household behaviors during the month of Ramadan in the city of Constantine, focusing on patterns of consumption, purchasing, waste generation, and strategies for reusing leftovers; and (3) assess the economic implications of these practices using the FUSIONS methodology and explore their contribution to household-level food sustainability. Methodologically, a cross-sectional exploratory survey was conducted among 100 married women, the majority of whom were middle-aged (62%; range: 27–71 years; mean age: 52.0 ± 10.21), well-educated (59% with a university degree), economically active (68%), and living in medium-sized households (63%). The findings reveal pronounced contrasts across bread categories. Industrial breads, particularly baguettes, are characterized by high daily purchase frequencies (4.16 ± 1.31 units/day) and the highest waste rates (12.67%), largely attributable to over-purchasing (92%) and low perceived value associated with subsidized prices, with convenience (100%) remaining the primary factor explaining their dominance. In contrast, traditional breads exhibit minimal waste levels (1.63%) despite frequent purchase (3.85 ± 0.70 loaves/day), reflecting more conscious food management shaped by strong cultural attachment, higher perceived value, and dietary preferences (100%). Modern bakery products, along with confections and pastries, the latter representing of 58% of total household food purchases, comprise a substantial share of food expenditure during Ramadan (2.16 ± 0.46 loaves/day and 12.07 and 7.28 ± 2.50 units/day, respectively), while generating relatively low levels of food waste (5.69%, 4.19%, and 0%, respectively). This suggests that higher prices and symbolic value encourage more careful purchasing behaviors and conscious consumption. Freezing leftovers (63%) emerges as the most commonly adopted waste-reduction strategy. Overall, this work provides original quantitative evidence at the household level on bread and bakery product waste in Algeria. It highlights the key socio-economic, cultural, and behavioral drivers underlying waste generation and proposes actionable recommendations to promote more sustainable food practices, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12 on responsible consumption and production. Full article

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30 pages, 13098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Achieving Isobenefit Urbanism in the Central Urban Area of Megacities, Taking Beijing as a Case Study: The Core Area of the Capital

by Changming Yu, Yuqing Zhang, Zhaoyang Li, Xinyu Wang, Qiuyue Hai and Stephen Siu Yu Lau

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010542 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 653

Abstract

Rapid development and scale expansion of cities are the core characteristics of the urbanization process, which effectively promote the formation of agglomeration economies, infrastructure sharing, and social mobility improvement. However, it also brings various negative effects such as unequal public services, traffic congestion, [...] Read more.

Rapid development and scale expansion of cities are the core characteristics of the urbanization process, which effectively promote the formation of agglomeration economies, infrastructure sharing, and social mobility improvement. However, it also brings various negative effects such as unequal public services, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution. The principle of isobenefit urbanism proposes that walking accessibility of various service facilities is an important indicator for measuring whether a city is livable, fair, and sustainable. This study specifically examines the impacts of environmental factors on the implementation of isobenefit urbanism in the central urban area of Beijing, a megacity. By obtaining open-source data and performing ArcGIS (10.8.1) analysis, using 183 blocks in Beijing’s core area, we normalized Strava pedestrian heat by road area and regressed it on 12 built environment indicators. The final model (R = 0.650, R² = 0.422, and adjusted R² = 0.381) identifies five significant predictors: block area (β = 0.215, p = 0.001) and average building height (β = 0.299, p = 0.012) are positively associated with walking heat, while building density (β = −0.235, p = 0.003), intersection density (β = −0.321, p < 0.001), and average distance to bus stop (β = −0.196, p = 0.003) are negatively associated. Land use mix and facility supply show positive but nonsignificant effects after controls. These estimates provide actionable levers for isobenefit urbanism in megacity cores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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27 pages, 3862 KB

Open AccessReview

Unlocking the Potential of Digital Twin Technology for Energy-Efficient and Sustainable Buildings: Challenges, Opportunities, and Pathways to Adoption

by Muhyiddine Jradi

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010541 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

Digital Twin technology is transforming how buildings are designed, operated, and optimized, serving as a key enabler of smarter, more energy-efficient, and sustainable built environments. By creating dynamic, data-driven virtual replicas of physical assets, Digital Twins support continuous monitoring, predictive maintenance, and performance [...] Read more.

Digital Twin technology is transforming how buildings are designed, operated, and optimized, serving as a key enabler of smarter, more energy-efficient, and sustainable built environments. By creating dynamic, data-driven virtual replicas of physical assets, Digital Twins support continuous monitoring, predictive maintenance, and performance optimization across a building’s lifecycle. This paper provides a structured review of current developments and future trends in Digital Twin applications within the building sector, particularly highlighting their contribution to decarbonization, operational efficiency, and performance enhancement. The analysis identifies major challenges, including data accessibility, interoperability among heterogeneous systems, scalability limitations, and cybersecurity concerns. It emphasizes the need for standardized protocols and open data frameworks to ensure seamless integration across Building Management Systems (BMSs), Building Information Models (BIMs), and sensor networks. The paper also discusses policy and regulatory aspects, noting how harmonized standards and targeted incentives can accelerate adoption, particularly in retrofit and renovation projects. Emerging directions include Artificial Intelligence integration for autonomous optimization, alignment with circular economy principles, and coupling with smart grid infrastructures. Overall, realizing the full potential of Digital Twins requires coordinated collaboration among researchers, industry, and policymakers to enhance building performance and advance global decarbonization and urban resilience goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Smart Renewable Energy Technologies for Developing Low-Carbon and Sustainable Societies)

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26 pages, 903 KB

Open AccessEssay

Do Low-Carbon City Pilots Promote Corporate Environmental Investment? Evidence from China

by Xiaohuan Shi, Yurou Zhang, Yizhen Wu, Zhongxian Ding, Sanying Zhao, Baochang Xu and Meng Qin

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010540 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 460

Abstract

As a pivotal instrument for fostering sustainable development and climate goals, low-carbon city pilot policies (LCCPs) motivate firms to increase environmental investments, thereby harmonizing economic growth with emission reduction. This study employs a difference-in-differences (DID) design to empirically investigate the effects and underlying [...] Read more.

As a pivotal instrument for fostering sustainable development and climate goals, low-carbon city pilot policies (LCCPs) motivate firms to increase environmental investments, thereby harmonizing economic growth with emission reduction. This study employs a difference-in-differences (DID) design to empirically investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of LCCPs on firms’ environmental investment in China. The results demonstrate that LCCPs lead to a significant increase in corporate environmental investment of approximately 36.5% (with a core coefficient of 0.365, significant at the 1% level) when compared to non-pilot cities. This impact primarily occurs through five channels: technology transformation, environmental regulation compliance, financial support, talent attraction, and policy alignment. Heterogeneity tests further reveal that the effect is stronger for enterprises in the eastern and western regions, non-entrepreneurial boards and non-financial entities, larger firms, and those facing financing constraints and operating in low-industry competitive environments. This study offers evidence for the importance of LCCPs in driving corporate environmental investments, providing valuable policy implications for enhancing regulatory frameworks and fostering green innovation to support carbon neutrality and sustainable economic transitions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Economics: The Trade-Offs Between Economics, Energy, and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Using Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis to Examine the Impact of Social Fitness of Shaded Public Space on Older Persons’ Depression

by Shuxuan Meng, Jingbo Zhang, Kangqiang Lin and Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010539 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 527

Abstract

In the face of rapid aging, depression in later life has become a prominent issue in urban public health and environmental research. As potential places for social activities and emotional healing, the social stayability of shaded community spaces is an essential environmental factor [...] Read more.

In the face of rapid aging, depression in later life has become a prominent issue in urban public health and environmental research. As potential places for social activities and emotional healing, the social stayability of shaded community spaces is an essential environmental factor influencing the mental well-being of the elderly. In order to overcome the challenge of depression relief in later life, it is important to investigate what attributes of social stayability in shaded spaces influence the mental well-being of the elderly, as well as their gap structures. This study innovatively develops a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method and builds an analytical framework combining Fuzzy-BWM and VIKOR to comprehensively evaluate three dimensions of physical accessibility, facilities, and spatial conditions, and environmental comfort and safety of shaded spaces. Using the Pioneer community in Panyu, Guangzhou, and the Yuehan community in Macau as empirical cases, this study integrates expert judgment and residents’ perception data to identify the key attributes and gap structure of shaded space stayability in mitigating depression-related psychological risk and promoting emotional restoration and psychological well-being among older adults. The results show that facilities and spatial conditions have the greatest impact on social stayability. The two attributes of sitting comfort and public service facilities are the dominant factors that affect stay intention and emotional recovery. Environmental comfort and safety have a secondary but stable supporting effect on psychological security. This study reveals the coupling relationship between functional configuration and perceptual experience and advocates for the transformation of urban renewal thinking from spatial optimization to psychological health promotion. This study’s results offer theoretical support and policy implications for building restorative, inclusive, and age-friendly cities. The findings provide a quantitative basis for decision making regarding sustainable community space governance and intervention prioritization. Full article

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28 pages, 3171 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Implementation of Automated Guided Vehicles to Logistics Processes in a Production Company—Case Study

by Iveta Kubasáková, Jaroslava Kubáňová and Dominik Benčo

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010538 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 852

Abstract

The automation of logistics processes in companies is an essential part of the modernization and advancement of companies around the world. This article deals with the issue of deploying a selected type of automated guided vehicle (AGV) in very specific conditions. AGV is [...] Read more.

The automation of logistics processes in companies is an essential part of the modernization and advancement of companies around the world. This article deals with the issue of deploying a selected type of automated guided vehicle (AGV) in very specific conditions. AGV is suitable for optimizing the circular supply chain in specific conditions of a manufacturing company. The deployment of AGVs is governed by the production needs of the section in question. The selection criterion was therefore the quantity of products that needed to be transported on the selected route. The article uses a new calculation of AGV requirements based on the saturation of individual components from the picking location to the assembly line. The ratio indicator was considered: driving time per shift, depending on the length of working time. Based on this calculation, the most effective option was applied from the individual solutions. Based on our calculation, we arrived at a requirement for three AGVs, plus a reserve, i.e., four. Our selected calculations were applied to the FRONT and TOP positions, where a decision was made between the option of using under-run AGVs or a truck. The decision was made based on the saturation level, and the result is described at the end of the discussion. The AGV is one of the tools for sustainable supply chain management in a company. However, it is important to evaluate the total cost of ownership, including lower labour costs, less risk of damage to goods, higher productivity, and long service life of the trucks. Thanks to these factors, AGVs often prove to be economically advantageous. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management)

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17 pages, 1911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Recommendation for Calculation of Energy Demand in Pulsed Electric Field Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Biogas Production

by Slavko Rupčić, Vanja Mandrić, Đurđica Kovačić and Davor Kralik

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010537 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 433

Abstract

This study addresses the lack of transparent methods for calculating the energy requirements of pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatments in biogas research. Two detailed approaches are proposed and evaluated to quantify the energy consumed during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic harvest residues (corn, soybean, [...] Read more.

This study addresses the lack of transparent methods for calculating the energy requirements of pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatments in biogas research. Two detailed approaches are proposed and evaluated to quantify the energy consumed during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic harvest residues (corn, soybean, and sunflower) using a low-frequency electric field. The first approach is based on previously measured capacitor parameters, including resistance (R_s, R_p), inductance (L_s), capacitance (C_p), and loss factor (D), which were interpolated to 50 Hz from measurements performed over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz. The second approach relies on direct measurements of the effective voltage and current waveforms across the capacitor, followed by calculation of the power factor (cos φ). Both methods enable reliable estimation of energy consumption and differ primarily in the type of input data required: Method 1 is based on capacitor characteristics determined before and after pretreatment, while Method 2 uses real-time treatment data. Despite these differences, the two approaches yielded highly consistent results, confirming their robustness and applicability. The calculated energy values were subsequently incorporated into a net energy balance by comparing the energy consumed during pretreatment with the methane energy output from anaerobic digestion. For all three investigated lignocellulosic substrates, PEF pretreatment resulted in a positive energy balance under the applied process conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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21 pages, 2168 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hourly Regional Rainfall–Runoff Prediction Using Transformer with Water Conservation Constraints

by Guoxu Jing, Tianhua Chen, Qinghua Qiao and Hongping Zhang

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010536 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 539

Abstract

This paper introduces MC-former, a Transformer-based rainfall-runoff model designed for hourly regional runoff prediction. Unlike the original Transformer, MC-former integrates a water-balance-guided constraint into the attention layer and enforces physical consistency through a penalty structure. Additionally, MC-former transforms the aggregated input embeddings into [...] Read more.

This paper introduces MC-former, a Transformer-based rainfall-runoff model designed for hourly regional runoff prediction. Unlike the original Transformer, MC-former integrates a water-balance-guided constraint into the attention layer and enforces physical consistency through a penalty structure. Additionally, MC-former transforms the aggregated input embeddings into the frequency domain via a Fourier transform, enabling more effective modeling of long-range dependencies in hourly runoff data. We tested MC-former on two tasks: regional rainfall-runoff simulation and runoff prediction for ungauged basins with similar hydrogeological units. In the first task, MC-former outperformed baseline models in prediction accuracy. In the second, it improved performance under ungauged conditions, with a notable increase in the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) in the HUC03 region, surpassing the baseline by nearly 0.08. Furthermore, adopting a strategy of training MC-former with hydrological data from climatically and geologically similar regions further enhanced its predictive accuracy, as demonstrated by consistently higher NSE and Pearson-r values. The MC-former model can support sustainable water resources management and enable transferable prediction of rainfall runoff in ungauged basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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35 pages, 3394 KB

Open AccessArticle

Calendar Anomalies in Sustainable Investing: The Case of STOXX Global ESG Social Leaders Index

by Maria Czech, Monika Hadaś-Dyduch and Blandyna Puszer

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010535 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Calendar anomalies are well documented in traditional capital markets, but their occurrence in the context of the rapidly growing ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) sustainable investment segment remains almost entirely unexplored. This is particularly true for specialised social indices, creating a significant gap [...] Read more.

Calendar anomalies are well documented in traditional capital markets, but their occurrence in the context of the rapidly growing ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) sustainable investment segment remains almost entirely unexplored. This is particularly true for specialised social indices, creating a significant gap in the literature. To fill this gap, this study analyses four calendar anomalies (January Effect, July Effect, October Effect and December Effect) in the STOXX Global ESG Social Leaders Index (2011–2024). Unlike standard statistical tests, we used wavelet transformation (Daubechies wavelet, db4), because it allows us to capture both short-term and long-term volatility patterns, which is particularly useful in the analysis of irregular seasonal phenomena. The results reveal that the anomalies studied do not show any consistent patterns. The January effect was unstable, the July effect showed some stability only in recent years, and the October effect correlated with periods of increased macroeconomic uncertainty. Although the December effect was observed in most periods, its absence during periods of strong growth suggests the influence of regulatory and structural factors. The results confirm that calendar anomalies in ESG indices are weaker and less predictable than in traditional benchmarks, highlighting the importance of integrating seasonality analysis with the assessment of fundamental ESG factors. This study makes an important methodological contribution through the use of wavelet analysis, and the findings suggest that future studies of seasonality should combine statistical analysis with an assessment of fundamental ESG factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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25 pages, 7906 KB

Open AccessArticle

Possible Sustainable Actions for Implementing a River Contract—The Case of the Rio Capodacqua-Santa Croce in Central Italy

by Alessio Valente and Christian Formato

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010534 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 393

Abstract

The aim of this article is to illustrate the actions taken to implement the Rio Capodacqua–Santa Croce River Contract in Central Italy. The aim was to develop this inclusive and voluntary strategic and negotiated planning tool with the aim of protecting and managing [...] Read more.

The aim of this article is to illustrate the actions taken to implement the Rio Capodacqua–Santa Croce River Contract in Central Italy. The aim was to develop this inclusive and voluntary strategic and negotiated planning tool with the aim of protecting and managing water resources, enhancing the river ecosystem and mitigating flood risk, thereby contributing to local development. The participation of municipalities, local authorities, stakeholders and citizens’ associations in this instrument has made it possible to identify the environmental and territorial issues in this area and thus propose actions to resolve them, integrating and coordinating existing plans and programmes and the interests of that territory. These actions were defined through a participatory process involving all those interested in the watercourse and the territory it crosses. Among the proposed actions, priority was given to those offering “sustainable” solutions to certain critical issues, such as pollution of the lower reaches of the river or the essentially anthropogenic threat to the river and riparian habitats widespread in its upper reaches. These habitats, protected by the Natura 2000 network, are home to fish species of great conservation interest, among other things. Finally, flood mitigation works and measures are assessed, as floods are becoming increasingly aggressive due to climate change and are impacting urbanised areas. All these actions have been compared with sustainability objectives to highlight their effectiveness in the current management of a river basin with a view to the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Solutions for River Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation)

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32 pages, 5625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Source Concurrent Renewable Energy Estimation: A Physics-Informed Spatio-Temporal CNN-LSTM Framework

by Razan Mohammed Aljohani and Amal Almansour

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010533 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 499

Abstract

Accurate and reliable estimation of renewable energy generation is critical for modern power grid management, yet the inherent volatility and distinct physical drivers of multi-source renewables present significant modeling challenges. This paper proposes a unified deep learning framework for the concurrent estimation of [...] Read more.

Accurate and reliable estimation of renewable energy generation is critical for modern power grid management, yet the inherent volatility and distinct physical drivers of multi-source renewables present significant modeling challenges. This paper proposes a unified deep learning framework for the concurrent estimation of power generation from solar, wind, and hydro sources. This methodology, termed nowcasting, utilizes real-time weather inputs to estimate immediate power generation. We introduce a hybrid spatio-temporal CNN-LSTM architecture that leverages a two-branch design to process both sequential weather data and static, plant-specific attributes in parallel. A key innovation of our approach is the use of a physics-informed Capacity Factor as the normalized target variable, which is customized for each energy source and notably employs a non-linear, S-shaped tanh-based power curve to model wind generation. To ensure high-fidelity spatial feature integration, a cKDTree algorithm was implemented to accurately match each power plant with its nearest corresponding weather data. To guarantee methodological rigor and prevent look-ahead bias, the model was trained and validated using a strict chronological data splitting strategy and was rigorously benchmarked against Linear Regression and XGBoost models. The framework demonstrated exceptional robustness on a large-scale dataset of over 1.5 million records spanning five European countries, achieving R-squared (

R^{2}

) values of 0.9967 for solar, 0.9993 for wind, and 0.9922 for hydro. While traditional ensemble models performed competitively on linear solar data, the proposed CNN-LSTM architecture demonstrated superior performance in capturing the complex, non-linear dynamics of wind energy, confirming its superiority in capturing intricate meteorological dependencies. This study validates the significant contribution of a spatio-temporal and physics-informed framework, establishing a foundational model for real-time energy assessment and enhanced grid sustainability. Full article

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24 pages, 1568 KB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding User Behaviour in Active and Light Mobility: A Structured Analysis of Key Factors and Methods

by Beatrice Bianchini, Marco Ponti and Luca Studer

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010532 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 540

Abstract

The increasing demand for active and light mobility (including bicycles, e-bikes and e-scooters) has become a key driver of sustainable urban transport, calling for a renewed approach to urban planning. A central challenge is redesigning infrastructure around users’ needs, inspired by the “15-min [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for active and light mobility (including bicycles, e-bikes and e-scooters) has become a key driver of sustainable urban transport, calling for a renewed approach to urban planning. A central challenge is redesigning infrastructure around users’ needs, inspired by the “15-min city” concept developed by Carlos Moreno. However, the existing literature on user preferences in this domain remains fragmented, both methodologically and thematically, and often lacks integration of user behaviour analysis. This paper presents a structured review of recent international studies on factors influencing route and infrastructure choices in active and light mobility. The findings are organized into an analytical framework based on five macro-criteria: external and infrastructural factors, transport mode, user typology, experimental methodology and infrastructure attributes. The synthesis tables aim to summarize the findings to guide planners, researchers and decision-makers towards more inclusive, adaptable and effective mobility systems, through the development of user-oriented planning tools, attractiveness indexes and strategies for cycling and micromobility networks. Moreover, the review contributes to an ongoing national research initiative and lays the groundwork for developing decision-making tools, attractiveness indexes and route recommendation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation Engineering and Mobility Safety Management)

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22 pages, 662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Slowing for Sustainability: A Hybrid Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis Framework for Taiwan’s Cross-Border E-Commerce

by Yu-Feng Lin and Kang-Lin Chiang

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010531 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 679

Abstract

Cross-border e-commerce logistics has long prioritized delivery speed; however, the trade-offs between cost-effectiveness, carbon emissions, risk, and financial performance have received relatively little attention. To address this deficiency, this study constructs a fuzzy nonlinear multi-objective optimization framework that integrates the particle swarm optimization [...] Read more.

Cross-border e-commerce logistics has long prioritized delivery speed; however, the trade-offs between cost-effectiveness, carbon emissions, risk, and financial performance have received relatively little attention. To address this deficiency, this study constructs a fuzzy nonlinear multi-objective optimization framework that integrates the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the Sobol sensitivity analysis to capture the uncertainty and nonlinear dynamics of logistics systems. Using operational data from a Taiwanese cross-border e-commerce exporter from 2023 to 2024, empirical results show that extending the standard 25-day delivery time to an acceptable maximum of 32–37 days (i.e., an extension of 7–12 days) can reduce logistics costs per order by 22–38%, carbon emissions by 18–31%, and increase financial returns. Sobol sensitivity analysis further demonstrates that extended delivery time (T) is a significant controllable factor (

S_{1} = 0.62, {S T}_{1} = 0.75

). This study empirically verifies the profitability and sustainability of moderately T, challenges the current “speed-first” model, and provides a transparent, replicable, and scalable decision-making framework for promoting low-carbon, economically viable cross-border e-commerce supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Logistics and Supply Chain Operations in the Digital Era)

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29 pages, 1449 KB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Preservation Technologies and Supply Chain Optimization for Reducing Meat Loss and Waste: Current Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

by Hysen Bytyqi, Ana Novo Barros, Victoria Krauter, Slim Smaoui and Theodoros Varzakas

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010530 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1446 | Correction

Abstract

Food loss and waste (FLW) is a chronic problem across food systems worldwide, with meat being one of the most resource-intensive and perishable categories. The perishable character of meat, combined with complex cold chain requirements and consumer behavior, makes the sector particularly sensitive [...] Read more.

Food loss and waste (FLW) is a chronic problem across food systems worldwide, with meat being one of the most resource-intensive and perishable categories. The perishable character of meat, combined with complex cold chain requirements and consumer behavior, makes the sector particularly sensitive to inefficiencies and loss across all stages from production to consumption. This review synthesizes the latest advancements in new preservation technologies and supply chain efficiency strategies to minimize meat wastage and also outlines current challenges and future directions. New preservation technologies, such as high-pressure processing, cold plasma, pulsed electric fields, and modified atmosphere packaging, have substantial potential to extend shelf life while preserving nutritional and sensory quality. Active and intelligent packaging, bio-preservatives, and nanomaterials act as complementary solutions to enhance safety and quality control. At the same time, blockchain, IoT sensors, AI, and predictive analytics-driven digitalization of the supply chain are opening new opportunities in traceability, demand forecasting, and cold chain management. Nevertheless, regulatory uncertainty, high capital investment requirements, heterogeneity among meat types, and consumer hesitancy towards novel technologies remain significant barriers. Furthermore, the scalability of advanced solutions is limited in emerging nations due to digital inequalities. Convergent approaches that combine technical innovation with policy harmonization, stakeholder capacity building, and consumer education are essential to address these challenges. System-level strategies based on circular economy principles can further reduce meat loss and waste, while enabling by-product valorization and improving climate resilience. By integrating preservation innovations and digital tools within the framework of UN Sustainable Development Goal 12.3, the meat sector can make meaningful progress towards sustainable food systems, improved food safety, and enhanced environmental outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Food Systems: Innovations in Production and Waste Management for a Greener Future)

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23 pages, 963 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of New Quality Productive Forces on Advanced Manufacturing Clusters: Empirical Evidence from China

by Jiying Wu and Wenli Zhan

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010529 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 868

Abstract

New quality productive forces (NQPFs) provide vital impetus for the development of advanced manufacturing clusters (AMCs). Using 30 provincial panel data in China from 2013 to 2023, this study employs two-way fixed effects, mediation, and threshold effect models to analyze the impact of [...] Read more.

New quality productive forces (NQPFs) provide vital impetus for the development of advanced manufacturing clusters (AMCs). Using 30 provincial panel data in China from 2013 to 2023, this study employs two-way fixed effects, mediation, and threshold effect models to analyze the impact of NQPFs on AMCs. The results reveal that (1) NQPFs significantly promote the development of AMCs, and this conclusion remains robust after rigorous endogeneity tests and robustness tests. (2) NQPFs exert a stronger driving effect on AMCs in coastal regions than in inland regions (both significant), and they are significant in non-resource-based regions and highly industrialized regions. (3) NQPFs indirectly foster the development of AMCs by prompting technological innovation (encompassing imitative and independent innovation), facilitating talent agglomeration, and driving industrial structure advancement. (4) The driving effect of NQPFs exhibits a significant nonlinear upward trend. This study provides new theoretical insights and empirical evidence for the sustainable development of the manufacturing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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27 pages, 5399 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of Key Constraining Factors on Load Control for Power Grid Companies from the Perspective of Industrial Chain Sustainability

by Xiaohua Yang, Wenhua Zhang, Jiahui Tan and Yonghe Sun

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010528 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 419

Abstract

In the context of high renewable energy penetration and increasing supply–demand imbalances, power grid companies face complex challenges in load control due to multiple constraints. Based on the actual operational context of power grid companies in China, this study systematically analyzes the key [...] Read more.

In the context of high renewable energy penetration and increasing supply–demand imbalances, power grid companies face complex challenges in load control due to multiple constraints. Based on the actual operational context of power grid companies in China, this study systematically analyzes the key constraints on load control from an industrial chain perspective. First, a systematic analytical framework is constructed from an industrial chain perspective to identify the factors constraining load control in power enterprises. Then, by integrating in-depth qualitative insights with a rigorous quantitative analysis, we propose an analytical method for identifying key constraining factors using a novel interactive group Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach. Finally, using Yunnan Power Grid Company in China as a case study, we identify specific constraining factors, including power generation costs, electricity pricing policies, distribution equipment capacity, and the level of grid intelligence. Based on the findings, this study proposes to establish a multi-dimensional coordination mechanism for Yunnan Power Grid, encompassing infrastructure-driven planning, policy–technology synergy, and cost-transmission optimization. This integrated approach will systematically enhance load control capabilities and support the transition toward a green, low-carbon power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Decision-Making Processes for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs))

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36 pages, 2500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Green: A Comprehensive Sustainability Analysis of Natural Gas-to-Methanol and Methanol-to-Gasoline Supply Chains

by Hussein Al-Yafei, Saleh Aseel, Ahmed AlNouss, Mohannad AlJarrah, Nagi Abdussamie, Ahmad Al-Kuwari, Alaa Kerret, Noman Abdul Ghafoor, Muhammad Rizki Winarno, Aisha Al-Bader, Talal Al Tamimi and Suhaila Sabbah

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010527 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 900

Abstract

This study presents an integrated Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) of the Natural gas-to-methanol (NGTM) and methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) pathways using Aspen HYSYS process modeling, Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA), and Life Cycle Costing (LCC). The results reveal significant [...] Read more.

This study presents an integrated Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) of the Natural gas-to-methanol (NGTM) and methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) pathways using Aspen HYSYS process modeling, Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA), and Life Cycle Costing (LCC). The results reveal significant variability in sustainability performance across process units. The DME and MTG Reactors Section generates the highest direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at 0.86 million tons CO₂-eq, representing 54.9% of total global warming potential, while the Compression Section consumes 2717.5 TJ/year of energy, making it the dominant source of electricity-related indirect emissions. Distillation and Purification withdraws 31,100 Mm³/year of water—approximately 99% of total demand—yet delivers 86.6% of the overall economic surplus despite high operating costs. Social impacts concentrate in the Methanol Reactor Looping and DME and MTG Reactors Sections, with human health burdens of 305.79 and 804.22 DALYs, respectively, due to catalyst handling and high-pressure operations. Sensitivity results show that methanol purity rises from 0.9993 to 0.9994 with increasing methane content, while gasoline output decreases from 3780 to 3520 kg/h as natural gas flow increases. The findings provide process-level evidence to support sustainable development of natural gas-based fuel conversion industries, aligning with Qatar National Vision 2030 objectives for industrial diversification and lower-carbon energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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19 pages, 5396 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change and Driving Factors in the Manas River Basin, China, from 2000 to 2020

by Pengfei Li, Xinlin He, Ning Su, Guang Yang and Muhammad Arsalan Farid

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010526 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 476

Abstract

This study examined land-use/land-cover (LULC) change in the Manas River Basin from 2000 to 2020 due to rapid socioeconomic development. It aims to provide a scientific basis for protecting the ecological security of the river basin and achieving sustainable development of the land. [...] Read more.

This study examined land-use/land-cover (LULC) change in the Manas River Basin from 2000 to 2020 due to rapid socioeconomic development. It aims to provide a scientific basis for protecting the ecological security of the river basin and achieving sustainable development of the land. The LULC data of 2000, 2010, and 2020 were utilized to establish the LULC transition matrix and calculate the LULC dynamics to analyze the dynamic evolution of LULC in the basin from 2000 to 2020. The PLUS model was constructed to explore the driving mechanism of the conversion between various land types in the basin. The key findings include the following. (1) From 2000 to 2010, grassland experienced the most significant reduction (3222.08 km²), whereas farmland expanded the most (3126.77 km²). (2) The most rapid expansion occurred in farmland (6.24%) and built-up areas (2.25%) in the 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 periods, respectively. Conversely, forest land showed the most rapid decrease, with −6.07% from 2000 to 2010, and −0.86% from 2010 to 2020. (3) The degree of influence of each driving factor on different LULC types (contribution degree) obtained by constructing the PLUS model shows that, during the twenty years, population was the predominant factor affecting farmland changes and built-up areas, with contribution degrees of 0.17 and 0.26, respectively. Temperature was the primary influencer of forest-land changes, with a contribution degree of 0.17, and elevation significantly impacted grassland changes, with a contribution degree of 0.21. This study provides crucial insights into the interaction between LULC dynamics and environmental and demographic factors in the Manas River Basin. Full article

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19 pages, 3367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Emissivity Cavity Treatment for Enhancing Thermal Performance of Existing Window Frames

by Maohua Xiong, Jihoon Kweon and Soobong Kim

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010525 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Windows contribute 40–50% of envelope heat loss despite occupying only 1/8–1/6 of the surface area. Conventional frame retrofits rely on geometry optimization or cavity insulation yet remain limited by cost and invasiveness. This study introduces electrochemical polishing to reduce cavity surface emissivity of [...] Read more.

Windows contribute 40–50% of envelope heat loss despite occupying only 1/8–1/6 of the surface area. Conventional frame retrofits rely on geometry optimization or cavity insulation yet remain limited by cost and invasiveness. This study introduces electrochemical polishing to reduce cavity surface emissivity of multi-cavity broken-bridge aluminum window frames to suppress radiative heat transfer, offering a non-invasive, low-cost retrofit strategy for existing building windows. Using a typical 75-series casement window, finite element analysis (MQMC) reveals that reducing cavity surface emissivity from 0.9 to 0.05 lowers frame U-values by 12.39–30.38% and whole-window U-values by 2.72–9.69%, with full-cavity treatment outperforming insulating-cavity-only by an average of 0.29 W/(m²·K). EnergyPlus simulations across multiple climate zones show 0.74–2.26% annual heating and cooling energy savings (with max reduction of 8.99 MJ/m²·yr) in severe cold and cold regions (e.g., Harbin, Beijing), but 1.25–3.04% penalties in mild and hot-summer zones due to impeded nighttime heat rejection. At an incremental cost of 62.5 CNY/window (6.6–7.4% increase), the static payback period is 4.1 years in Harbin. The approach mitigates thermal bridging more effectively than foam-filled frames in whole-window performance. This scalable, minimal-intervention technology aligns with low-carbon retrofit imperatives for existing aging windows, particularly in heating-dominated climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Management and Decarbonization Pathways in Buildings and Infrastructure)

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21 pages, 566 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Mitigating Greenwashing in Sustainability Reporting

by Agne Sneideriene and Renata Legenzova

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010524 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2126

Abstract

Greenwashing in environmental, social, and governance reporting poses a significant threat to corporate accountability and stakeholder trust. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis of existing research to evaluate the role and effectiveness of sustainability assurance as a primary mechanism to combat greenwashing and [...] Read more.

Greenwashing in environmental, social, and governance reporting poses a significant threat to corporate accountability and stakeholder trust. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis of existing research to evaluate the role and effectiveness of sustainability assurance as a primary mechanism to combat greenwashing and proposes a framework for it. Based on a systematic literature review, this paper consolidates empirical findings indicating that sustainability assurance has a significant inhibitory effect on corporate greenwashing and is positively valued by capital markets, as evidenced by lower equity capital costs. However, the analysis also reveals that the effectiveness of assurance is not uniform; it is moderated by contextual factors such as the strength of the national legal environment and, in particular, regulatory environments, which can be exploited to legitimize overstated disclosures. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for anti-greenwashing assurance that integrates five interconnected pillars (regulatory, stakeholder engagement, third-party verification, corporate culture and internal controls, and technologies), forming a synergistic ecosystem of deterrents which collectively shape the integrity and credibility of sustainability reporting practices. To enhance the effectiveness of greenwashing mitigation, the proposed framework must be further strengthened by integrating the core principles of transparency, materiality, and verifiability across all its pillars. Full article

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51 pages, 7185 KB

Open AccessReview

Antiviral Phytoremediation for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

by Diaiti Zure, Aleksandra Drizo, Meng-Hau Sung, Amanuel Mehari, Eko Maiguo and David H-W Kuo

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010523 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1178

Abstract

Enteric viruses in wastewater remain a persistent public health threat. Conventional treatments often achieve only modest viral log₁₀ reductions and can generate toxic disinfection byproducts, but high-energy advanced processes are often unaffordable. Antiviral phytoremediation, which involves virus removal mediated by plants and [...] Read more.

Enteric viruses in wastewater remain a persistent public health threat. Conventional treatments often achieve only modest viral log₁₀ reductions and can generate toxic disinfection byproducts, but high-energy advanced processes are often unaffordable. Antiviral phytoremediation, which involves virus removal mediated by plants and their rhizosphere microbiota, offers a low-cost, low-energy alternative; however, it has scarcely been studied. A bibliometric analysis of ~23,000 wastewater treatment studies (1976–2025) identified only 30 virus-targeted records within plant-based treatment branches, representing ~0.13% of the total corpus. This critical review structures antiviral phytoremediation into a four-barrier framework: (i) sorption/filtration, (ii) rhizosphere-mediated inactivation, (iii) plant internalization, and (iv) intracellular degradation. Pilot and full-scale studies provide strong support for the first two barriers, whereas evidence for internalization and intracellular degradation is limited, mainly laboratory-based, and often inferred from molecular rather than infectivity assays. Standalone constructed wetlands typically achieve ~1–3 log₁₀ virus reductions, but hybrid configurations that combine wetlands with complementary processes achieve ~3–7 log₁₀ reductions, with performance varying between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses and across climates. This review distills design principles for cost-effective hybrid systems and identifies methodological and governance priorities, positioning rigorously designed phytoremediation as a scalable part of climate- and pandemic-resilient wastewater infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologically Based Green Technology for Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment Management)

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31 pages, 3854 KB

Open AccessArticle

Global Waste Management Trends in the Context of Sports and Recreation Areas: Perspectives from Turkey, Lithuania, Morocco, and Sri Lanka

by Dalia Perkumienė, Ahmet Atalay, Larbi Safaa, Daiva Šiliekien, Laima Česonienė, Udaya Mohan and Aidanas Perkumas

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010522 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 591

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive approach to the integration of trend practices in waste management processes within sports and recreation facilities, focusing on four countries: Turkey, Lithuania, Morocco, and Sri Lanka. The aim of the study is to identify the social, technological, managerial, [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive approach to the integration of trend practices in waste management processes within sports and recreation facilities, focusing on four countries: Turkey, Lithuania, Morocco, and Sri Lanka. The aim of the study is to identify the social, technological, managerial, and behavioral factors shaping waste management practices and trends in these areas and to provide a comparative cross-country analysis. The research was conducted using a qualitative research design. Data were collected from a total of 96 experts across the four countries through a semi-structured interview form. The data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis, and findings were classified under the themes of infrastructure, policy, technology, governance, and awareness. Based on the analysis, the findings reveal that Lithuania stands out with its strong digital infrastructure grounded in the EU legal framework; Turkey, despite its high potential, experiences a behavior–intention gap; Morocco exhibits institutional resistance and regime lock-in; while Sri Lanka demonstrates a community-based yet institutionally weak structure. Overall, the research highlights that sustainable waste management depends not only on technical infrastructure but also on the holistic interaction of socio-technical factors such as cultural norms, institutional coordination, and behavioral alignment. Full article

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