Scenarios of Phosphorus Flow from Agriculture and Domestic Wastewater in Myanmar (2010–2100)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- To calculate the amount of P released into bodies of water from agricultural and domestic wastewater.
- (2)
- To estimate the relative effect of efficient and less-efficient fertilizer use and sewage systems on the flow of P to the hydrosphere.
- (3)
- To assess possibilities for P recovery.
2. Methods and Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Estimating P Flow from Farmland to the Hydrosphere
3.2. Estimating P Flow from Livestock Manure to the Hydrosphere
3.3. Estimating P Flow from Domestic Wastewater to the Hydrosphere
3.4. Combined Scenario Results
3.5. Amount of Maximum and Minimum P Recovered by Sewage System Introduction
4. Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | Unit | Amount |
---|---|---|
Land use | ||
Total area | 1000 ha | 67,659 |
Share of arable land | % | 17.7 |
Forest area | % | 44.5 |
Population | ||
Share of rural population | Million | 36.5 |
Share of urban population | million | 13.7 |
GDP | ||
Share of agricultural GDP | % | 37.8 |
Crop production | ||
Total sown area | 1000 ha | 11,950 |
Livestock production | ||
Cattle and buffaloes | million heads | 14.2 |
Pigs | million heads | 4.5 |
Sheep and goats | million heads | 2.0 |
Poultry | million heads | 57.1 |
Classification | Crop Name |
---|---|
Cereals | Wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), corn (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale), oats (Avena sativa), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), other grains |
Roots and tubers | Cassava (Manihot esculenta), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), yams (Dioscorea spp.), other potatoes |
Sugar crops | Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) |
Oilseed crops | Soybean (Glycine max), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), ground nuts with shell (Arachis hypogaea), sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus), rapeseed (Brassica napus), mustard seed (Brassica spp.), seed cotton (Gossypium), coconuts (Cocos nucifera), sesame seed (Sesamum indicum), olives (Olea europaea), other oilseed crops |
Vegetables | Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), onions (Allium cepa), other vegetables |
Fruits | Orange/mandarins (Citrus reticulata), lemon/limes (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), other citrus fruits, bananas (Musa), plantains (Musa paradisiaca), apples (Malus domestica), pineapples (Ananas comosus), dates (Phoenix dactylifera), grapes (Vitis vinifera), other fruits |
Cereals | Roots and Tubers | Sugar Crops | Oilseed Crops | Vegetables | Fruits | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | Rice | Corn | Others | Soybeans | Oil Palm Fruits | Others | |||||
Bangladesh (B) | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.043 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.024 | 0.023 | 0.024 |
Thailand (T) | 0.035 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.005 | 0.017 | 0.052 | 0.033 | 0.035 | 0.01 | 0.059 | 0.026 |
Avg. value of (B and T) | 0.028 | 0.015 | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.047 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.017 | 0.041 | 0.025 |
Per Capita GDP PPP | Less than 694 [In$/Person] | Between 694 and 11,455 [In$/Person] | Over 11,455 [In$/Person] |
---|---|---|---|
First Group | Second Group | Third Group | |
PR | 30% | 50% | 80% |
Scenario Name | P Flow from Agriculture | P Flow from Domestic Wastewater | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
P Flow from Farmland | P Flow from Livestock Manure | P Flow from Blackwater | P Flow from Gray Water | |
A | PFf (Scenario 1) | PFm | PFe (high) | PFg (high) |
B | PFf (Scenario 2) | PFm | PFe (high) | PFg (high) |
C | PFf (Scenario 3) | PFm | PFe (high) | PFg (high) |
D | PFf (Scenario 1) | PFm | PFe (low) | PFg (low) |
E | PFf (Scenario 2) | PFm | PFe (low) | PFg (low) |
F | PFf (Scenario 3) | PFm | PFe (low) | PFg (low) |
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Share and Cite
Lwin, C.M.; Maung, K.N.; Murakami, M.; Hashimoto, S. Scenarios of Phosphorus Flow from Agriculture and Domestic Wastewater in Myanmar (2010–2100). Sustainability 2017, 9, 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081377
Lwin CM, Maung KN, Murakami M, Hashimoto S. Scenarios of Phosphorus Flow from Agriculture and Domestic Wastewater in Myanmar (2010–2100). Sustainability. 2017; 9(8):1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081377
Chicago/Turabian StyleLwin, Chery Myo, Kyaw Nyunt Maung, Mari Murakami, and Seiji Hashimoto. 2017. "Scenarios of Phosphorus Flow from Agriculture and Domestic Wastewater in Myanmar (2010–2100)" Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081377