Geodetic Measurements and Numerical Models of Deformation at Coso Geothermal Field, California, USA, 2004–2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data
2.1. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR)
2.2. Global Positioning System (GPS)
2.3. Seismic Catalog
2.4. Pumping Records
3. Methods
3.1. Accuracy
3.2. Estimating Volume Change of The Reservoir
3.3. Time Series
4. Results
4.1. Deformation Modeling
4.2. Time-Series Analysis
4.3. Correlation Test
4.4. Identifying a Driving Mechanism for the Observed Subsidence
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter Name | Best-Fitting Estimate | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|
Easting in m | 428,651.3 | 1000 |
Northing in m | 3,987,538.4 | 1000 |
Reservoir depth in m | 2366.6 | 250 |
Reservoir half thickness in m | 2053.1 | 250 |
Reservoir half length in m | 3027.2 | 500 |
Young’s Modulus in GPa | 25 | 0 |
Poisson’s Ratio | 0.25 | 0 |
Pressure Change in MPa | 0 | |
Biot’s Coefficient | 1 | 0 |
Parameter Name | Best-Fitting Estimate | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|
Easting gradient | 6.78 | 2.19 |
Northing gradient | −9.93 | 1.86 |
Upwards gradient | −9.97 | 9.67 |
Offset in cycles | −0.5 | 0.8 |
Poisson ratio | 0.21 | 0 |
Volume change rate | −2.02 | 2.81 |
Centroid Easting E in m | 428,580.4 | 531.3 |
Centroid Northing N in m | 3,987,509.0 | 250.0 |
Centroid Depth in m | 2418.2 | 531.3 |
Cuboid L in m | 3.07 | 3.23 |
Cuboid W in m | 2.28 | 2.25 |
Cuboid H in m | 1.95 | 2.42 |
Parameter Name | Best-Fitting Estimate | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|
Easting gradient | 1.64 | 6.25 |
Northing gradient | −1.39 | 9.38 |
Upwards gradient | 6.73 | 2.19 |
Offset in cycles | −0.5 | 0.6 |
Poisson ratio | 0.21 | 0 |
Volume change rate | −1.07 | 2.25 |
Centroid Easting E in m | 428,870.4 | 48.4 |
Centroid Northing N in m | 3,986,482.0 | 46.9 |
Centroid Depth in m | 3098.7 | 195.3 |
Cuboid L in m | 3.12 | 4.84 |
Cuboid W in m | 2.34 | 4.84 |
Cuboid H in m | 1.93 | 4.84 |
Start of Break 1 | Start of Break 2 | Rate 1 [m3/year] | Rate 2 [m3/year] | Test Value | Critical Value | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20031114 | 20100101 | 78 | 3.95 | 1.99 | reject | ||
20031114 | 20141102 | 76 | −25.16 | 1.99 | reject | ||
20100101 | 20141102 | 16 | −4.67 | 2.12 | reject |
Pre-2010 Rate m3/year | Post-2010 Rate m3/year | Test Value | Critical Value | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3638 | −843.22 | 1.96 | reject |
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Reinisch, E.C.; Ali, S.T.; Cardiff, M.; Kaven, J.O.; Feigl, K.L. Geodetic Measurements and Numerical Models of Deformation at Coso Geothermal Field, California, USA, 2004–2016. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020225
Reinisch EC, Ali ST, Cardiff M, Kaven JO, Feigl KL. Geodetic Measurements and Numerical Models of Deformation at Coso Geothermal Field, California, USA, 2004–2016. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(2):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020225
Chicago/Turabian StyleReinisch, Elena C., S. Tabrez Ali, Michael Cardiff, J. Ole Kaven, and Kurt L. Feigl. 2020. "Geodetic Measurements and Numerical Models of Deformation at Coso Geothermal Field, California, USA, 2004–2016" Remote Sensing 12, no. 2: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020225
APA StyleReinisch, E. C., Ali, S. T., Cardiff, M., Kaven, J. O., & Feigl, K. L. (2020). Geodetic Measurements and Numerical Models of Deformation at Coso Geothermal Field, California, USA, 2004–2016. Remote Sensing, 12(2), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020225