Spatial Habitat Shifts of Oceanic Cephalopod (Ommastrephes bartramii) in Oscillating Climate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)-Based Climatic Phase Shifts
2.2. Analytical Framework
2.3. Squid Occurrences and Environmental Data
2.4. Multi-Model Ensemble of Potential Squid Habitat
2.5. Computing for Temporal Trends at Each Climatic Transition
3. Results
3.1. Squid Environmental Preferences
3.2. Spatial Patterns of Period-Specific Squid Habitat Forecasts
3.3. Temporal Trends in Squid Habitat and Environmental Conditions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model Algorithm | Abbrev | Model Parameterization Settings | R Packages |
---|---|---|---|
Generalized linear model | GLM | family = ‘binomial’ (link = ‘logit’), type = ‘quadratic’ | stats ver. 3.4.4 |
Generalized additive model | GAM | family = ‘binomial’ (link = ‘logit’), type = ‘s_smoother’, | mgcv ver. 1.8-23 |
Boosted Regression Trees | GBM | distribution = ‘bernoulli’, number of trees = 2500, shrinkage = 0.001, bag fraction = 0.5, train fraction = 1, cross-validation folds = 3 | gbm ver. 2.1.3 |
Classification Tree Analysis | CTA | method = class, complexity parameter = 0.001, cross-validation folds = 5 | rpart ver. 4.1–13 |
Artificial Neural Network | ANN | maximum iteration = 200, cross-validation folds = 5, random weight = 0.1 | nnet ver. 7.3–12 |
Surface Range Envelop | SRE | tolerance boundary cut-off = 0.025 | biomod2 3.3–7 |
Flexible Discriminant Analysis | FDA | regression method = ‘mars’ | biomod2 3.3–7 |
Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines | MARS | maximum interaction degree = 2, penalty = 2, forward stepwise stopping threshold = 0.001, prune feature enabled | biomod2 3.3–7 |
Random Forest | RF | number of trees = 500, node size = 5 | biomod2 3.3–7 |
Maximum Entropy | MaxEnt | maximum training iterations = 200, linear/quadratic/product/hinge features enabled, default prevalence = 0.5 | MaxEnt ver. 3.4.0 |
Species Distribution Models (SDMs) | Abbreviations | Model Performance Metrics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AUC | Kappa | TSS | ||
Generalized additive model | GAM | 0.952 | 0.646 | 0.810 |
Generalized linear model | GLM | 0.950 | 0.644 | 0.803 |
Generalized boosting model | GBM | 0.957 | 0.659 | 0.822 |
Artificial neural network | ANN | 0.955 | 0.654 | 0.814 |
Random forest | RF | 0.955 | 0.651 | 0.810 |
Maximum entropy | MaxEnt | 0.954 | 0.641 | 0.801 |
Classification tree analysis | CTA | 0.924 | 0.637 | 0.807 |
Surface range envelope | SRE | 0.888 | 0.603 | 0.776 |
Flexible discriminant analysis | FDA | 0.945 | 0.617 | 0.785 |
Multivariate adaptive regression splines | MARS | 0.952 | 0.648 | 0.810 |
PDO Phase Transitions | Categories | Large Decrease | Small Decrease | Largely Unchanged | Small Increase | Large Increase | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables (Unit) | 0% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% | |
Cold-Warm (T1) | Habitat (HSI) | −0.0928 | −0.0133 | −0.0002 | 0.0061 | 0.0290 | 0.1339 |
SST (°C/yr) | −2.8460 | −0.5805 | 0.0252 | 0.3311 | 0.6211 | 2.9051 | |
SSH (cm/yr) | −0.3578 | −0.1093 | 0.0263 | 0.1042 | 0.1822 | 0.3739 | |
Warm-Cold (T2) | Habitat (HSI) | −0.0943 | −0.0199 | 0.0000 | 0.0036 | 0.0240 | 0.0712 |
SST (°C/yr) | −1.4725 | 0.0996 | 0.3072 | 0.4463 | 0.6537 | 3.0849 | |
SSH (cm/yr) | −0.0983 | 0.0388 | 0.0967 | 0.1569 | 0.2384 | 0.3722 |
Environmental Factors | Optimal Ranges | Total Area (1 × 106 km2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 (1999–2001) | P2 (2002–2006) | P3 (2007–2013) | ||
SST | 12–17 °C | 1.96 | 1.85 | 1.98 |
SSH | 40–120 cm | 6.26 | 6.00 | 6.37 |
PDO-Based Climatic Periods | Ranges (Minimum, Maximum) | HSI Mean ± 1SD | Total Area (1 × 105 km2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Longitude | Latitude | HSI | |||
P1 (1999–2001) | 147.25, 200.00 | 40.00, 44.50 | 0.50, 0.90 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 6.93 |
P2 (2002–2006) | 154.00, 200.00 | 40.00, 44.00 | 0.50, 0.92 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 6.87 |
P3 (2007–2013) | 168.75, 200.00 | 40.75, 44.75 | 0.50, 0.87 | 0.67 ± 0.09 | 7.01 |
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Alabia, I.D.; Saitoh, S.-I.; Igarashi, H.; Ishikawa, Y.; Imamura, Y. Spatial Habitat Shifts of Oceanic Cephalopod (Ommastrephes bartramii) in Oscillating Climate. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030521
Alabia ID, Saitoh S-I, Igarashi H, Ishikawa Y, Imamura Y. Spatial Habitat Shifts of Oceanic Cephalopod (Ommastrephes bartramii) in Oscillating Climate. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(3):521. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030521
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlabia, Irene D., Sei-Ichi Saitoh, Hiromichi Igarashi, Yoichi Ishikawa, and Yutaka Imamura. 2020. "Spatial Habitat Shifts of Oceanic Cephalopod (Ommastrephes bartramii) in Oscillating Climate" Remote Sensing 12, no. 3: 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030521