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Article

Assessment of GPS/Galileo/BDS Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Using Products from Different Analysis Centers

1
NASG Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
2
School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
3
Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Zhengzhou 450052, China
4
Institute of Space Science, Shangdong University, Weihai 264209, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2021, 13(16), 3266; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163266
Submission received: 2 July 2021 / Revised: 12 August 2021 / Accepted: 15 August 2021 / Published: 18 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Topic GNSS Measurement Technique in Aerial Navigation)

Abstract

Suffering from hardware phase biases originating from satellites and the receiver, precise point positioning (PPP) requires a long convergence time to reach centimeter coordinate accuracy, which is a major drawback of this technique and limits its application in time-critical applications. Ambiguity resolution (AR) is the key to a fast convergence time and a high-precision solution for PPP technology and PPP AR products are critical to implement PPP AR. Nowadays, various institutions provide PPP AR products in different forms with different strategies, which allow to enable PPP AR for Global Positioning System (GPS) and Galileo or BeiDou Navigation System (BDS). To give a full evaluation of PPP AR performance with various products, this work comprehensively investigates the positioning performance of GPS-only and multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) combination PPP AR with the precise products from CNES, SGG, CODE, and PRIDE Lab using our in-house software. The positioning performance in terms of positioning accuracy, convergence time and fixing rate (FR) as well as time to first fix (TTFF), was assessed by static and kinematic PPP AR models. For GPS-only, combined GPS and Galileo PPP AR with different products, the positioning performances were all comparable with each other. Concretely, the static positioning errors can be reduced by 21.0% (to 0.46 cm), 52.5% (to 0.45 cm), 10.0% (to 1.33 cm) and 21.7% (to 0.33 cm), 47.4% (to 0.34 cm), 9.5% (to 1.16 cm) for GPS-only and GE combination in north, east, up component, respectively, while the reductions are 20.8% (to 1.13 cm), 42.9% (to 1.15 cm), 19.9% (to 3.4 cm) and 20.4% (to 0.72 cm), 44.1% (to 0.66 cm), 10.1% (to 2.44 cm) for kinematic PPP AR. Overall, the positioning performance with CODE products was superior to the others. Furthermore, multi-GNSS observations had significant improvements in PPP performance with float solutions and the TTFF as well as the FR of GPS PPP AR could be improved by adding observations from other GNSS. Additionally, we have released the source code for multi-GNSS PPP AR, anyone can freely access the code and example data from GitHub.
Keywords: multi-GNSS; PPP; ambiguity resolution (AR); analysis center multi-GNSS; PPP; ambiguity resolution (AR); analysis center
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, C.; Xiao, G.; Chang, G.; Xu, T.; Yang, L. Assessment of GPS/Galileo/BDS Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Using Products from Different Analysis Centers. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163266

AMA Style

Chen C, Xiao G, Chang G, Xu T, Yang L. Assessment of GPS/Galileo/BDS Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Using Products from Different Analysis Centers. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(16):3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163266

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Chao, Guorui Xiao, Guobin Chang, Tianhe Xu, and Liu Yang. 2021. "Assessment of GPS/Galileo/BDS Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Using Products from Different Analysis Centers" Remote Sensing 13, no. 16: 3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163266

APA Style

Chen, C., Xiao, G., Chang, G., Xu, T., & Yang, L. (2021). Assessment of GPS/Galileo/BDS Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution Using Products from Different Analysis Centers. Remote Sensing, 13(16), 3266. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163266

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