Analysis of the Microphysical Structure and Evolution Characteristics of a Typical Sea Fog Weather Event in the Eastern Sea of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Methods
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Overview of the Sea Fog
3.2. Microphysical Features
3.2.1. Features of Each Stage
3.2.2. Features of the Droplet Spectrum
3.2.3. Features of Correlation and Difference
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- During the whole sea fog process, visibility has roughly the same change trend as temperature and wind speed, and it shows roughly an opposite change trend to microphysical quantities, such as number concentration and liquid water content.
- The change in the microphysical structure is mainly related to the microphysical process of fog, and the advection has little effect on the change in the microphysical structure. Temperature is closely related to nucleation, condensation growth, and other processes. The decrease (increase) in temperature is the main reason for the enhancement (weakening) of nucleation and the growth of condensation (evaporation of droplets), which leads to an increase (or decrease) in microphysical quantities, such as the droplet number concentration and liquid water content.
- The average droplet spectral distribution roughly conforms to the Gamma distribution, and the spectral distribution of the fog process presents a “multi-peak” structure, with peak diameters of 6 μm, 12 μm, 16 μm, 24 μm, and 44 μm. A large proportion of droplets have a diameter of less than 16 μm, accounting for 75%. Comparing the droplet spectrum distributions of sea fog between different regions, the droplet spectra in Zhanjiang and Maoming conform to the Junge distribution, and in the droplet spectra in the coastal areas of Zhoushan and southern Fujian conform to the Deirmenjian distribution. However, the spectral droplet distribution of the sea fog process in Zhanjiang from 20 to 21 March 2011 satisfies the Gamma distribution.
- During this sea fog process, three microphysical parameters, namely, number concentration, liquid water content, and average diameter, are all positively correlated in pairs, but the positive correlation between number concentration and average diameter is weak. This sea fog process is dominated by condensation nucleation and the condensation growth of droplets. The collision process mainly occurs in the development and maturation stage of the case1 process and the formation and development stages of the case2 process, and it is weak in other stages. The number concentration in the development and maturation stage of case1 increases rather than decreases, which may be due to the sufficient water vapor at this stage; the development of condensation nucleation and condensation growth is robust; collision and coalescence continue to occur; small particles aggregate into large particles; and the number of large particles increases. At the same time, condensation and nucleation ensure the stability of the number concentration of small particles.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Instrument | Manufacturer | Model | Time Resolution | Measured Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fog monitor | DMT, US | FM-120 | 1 s | LWC, NC, ED |
Visibility meter | CAMA | CJY-1G | 1 min | V |
Automatic weather station | Aerospace New Weather Technology Company | DZZ4 | 5 min | T, RH, WS |
Physical Quantity | Formula |
---|---|
Number of droplets | |
Average radius | |
Variance | |
Coefficient of Variation | |
Gamma function | |
K-order radius | |
Skewness | |
Kurtosis | |
Skewness Deviation Coefficient | |
Kurtosis deviation coefficient |
Stage | Time | |
---|---|---|
i Gestation stage | 14 June 20:55–23:30 | |
case1 | I Formation stage | 14 June 23:31–15 June 0:02 |
II Development stage | 15 June 0:03–1:00 | |
III Maturation and dissipation stage | 15 June 1:01–2:59 | |
ii Intermittent stage | 15 June 3:00–3:45 | |
case2 | IV Formation and development stage | 15 June 3:46–6:54 |
V Dissipation stage | 15 June 6:55–7:20 |
NC/cm−3 | LWC/g m−3 | /μm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
i Gestation stage | 45.4931 (0.6172–143.4675) | 0.0478 (1.4500 × 10−4–0.2237) | 4.5474 (2.5625–6.3610) | |
case1 | I Formation stage | 55.7280 (9.5387–110.8600) | 0.0587 (0.0038–0.1422) | 4.8875 (3.9348–5.8897) |
II Development stage | 57.9825 (11.0608–124.3664) | 0.0834 (0.0047–0.2786) | 5.0978 (3.0656–6.7576) | |
III Maturation and dissipation stage | 62.1846 (0.3065–212.9253) | 0.1266 (2.6704 × 10−5–0.6410) | 5.8228 (3–10) | |
ii Intermittent stage | 10.6179 (0.3075–75.9628) | 0.0137 (6.9055 × 10−6–0.1350) | 4.0662 (2–11) |
Observation Location and Time | NC/cm−3 | LWC/g m−3 | /μm |
---|---|---|---|
Beilun, Zhejiang * 14–15 June 2021 | 41.5190 (0.3065–212.9253) | 0.0645 (6.9055 × 10−6–0.6410) | 5.3041 (1.7500–11) |
East Island, Guangdong [38] ** 20–21 March 2011 | 231 (147–616) | 0.114 (0.001–0.594) | 3.3 (1.5–6.8) |
Maoming, Guangdong [42] ** 16–17 March 2008 | 326.6 (15–422.6) | 0.058 (0.010–0.102) | 1.5 (1.2–2.45) |
Northwest of the South China Sea [43] ** 10–11 March 2017 | 198 (42–445) | 0.116 (0.012–0.484) | 2.8 (1.9–6.4) |
Qingdao, Shandong [27] * 5–8 April 2017 | 64.4 (1–146.9) | 0.057 (0.001–0.172) | 4.0 (1.9–6.7) |
Zhoushan, Zhejiang [36] *** 19 May 1985 | 35.6 (/−122) | 0.13 (/−0.39) | 11.45 (/) |
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He, J.; Ren, X.; Wang, H.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, F.; Hu, L.; Zeng, Q.; Jin, X. Analysis of the Microphysical Structure and Evolution Characteristics of a Typical Sea Fog Weather Event in the Eastern Sea of China. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215604
He J, Ren X, Wang H, Shi Z, Zhang F, Hu L, Zeng Q, Jin X. Analysis of the Microphysical Structure and Evolution Characteristics of a Typical Sea Fog Weather Event in the Eastern Sea of China. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(21):5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215604
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Jianxin, Xinyue Ren, Hao Wang, Zhao Shi, Fugui Zhang, Lijun Hu, Qiangyu Zeng, and Xin Jin. 2022. "Analysis of the Microphysical Structure and Evolution Characteristics of a Typical Sea Fog Weather Event in the Eastern Sea of China" Remote Sensing 14, no. 21: 5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215604
APA StyleHe, J., Ren, X., Wang, H., Shi, Z., Zhang, F., Hu, L., Zeng, Q., & Jin, X. (2022). Analysis of the Microphysical Structure and Evolution Characteristics of a Typical Sea Fog Weather Event in the Eastern Sea of China. Remote Sensing, 14(21), 5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215604