Remote Sensing of Floodwater-Induced Subsurface Halite Dissolution in a Salt Karst System, with Implications for Landscape Evolution: The Western Shores of the Dead Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geomorphological and Hydrogeological Background
2.1. The Dead Sea (DS) Basin
2.2. Ze’elim Fan
2.3. Hever Fan
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Airborne LiDAR
3.2. InSAR
3.3. Drone Photography
3.4. Time-Lapse Cameras
3.5. Canal Overpass Hydrometers
4. Results
4.1. Ze’elim Fan
4.1.1. Landscape Evolution in Response to Flash Floods
4.1.2. Subsurface Water Pathways and Dissolution Channels
4.2. Hever Fan
4.3. Subsurface Dissolution Channels in Rahaf Fan—Lynch Straits
5. Discussion
5.1. Temporal Development of the Shoreline Karst Systems
5.2. Flood-Related Subsidence Mechanisms
5.3. Dynamics of Flood-Related Karst Evolution and Landscape Changes along the DS
5.4. Implications for Sinkhole Hazard Assessment
6. Summary and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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20.2.15 | 7.2.19 | 25.3.19 | 24.1.20 | 13.3.20 | 8.2.23 | 20.3.23 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time at hydrograph 1 | 07:55 | 08:30 # | 11:11 | 04:40 | 09:39 # | 04:10 | |
Peak discharge 1 (m3/s) | 29.1 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 1.9 | 11.6 | 18.4 | |
Recharge gully 5 | 08:35 | ||||||
Recharge gully 14 | 09:00 | 09:30 # | 12:39 | 10:40 # | 05:27 | ||
Recharge gully 7 | 07:10 | <05:30 * | 05:50 | ||||
Recharge gully 6 | 05:21 | ||||||
Discharge sinkhole 10c | 11:20 | ||||||
Discharge sinkhole 10a | 10:15 | 10:40 # | 13:30 | 11:25 | 06:10 | ||
Discharge sinkhole 10f | 09:52 | 13:24 | 08:00 | <05:30 * | 06:30 | ||
Time from 5 to 10c (min) | 165 | ||||||
Time from 14 to 10a (min) | 75 | 70 | 51 | 45 | 43 | ||
Time from 7 to 10f (min) | 50 | 40 | |||||
Time from 6 to 10f (min) | 69 |
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Baer, G.; Gavrieli, I.; Swaed, I.; Nof, R.N. Remote Sensing of Floodwater-Induced Subsurface Halite Dissolution in a Salt Karst System, with Implications for Landscape Evolution: The Western Shores of the Dead Sea. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173294
Baer G, Gavrieli I, Swaed I, Nof RN. Remote Sensing of Floodwater-Induced Subsurface Halite Dissolution in a Salt Karst System, with Implications for Landscape Evolution: The Western Shores of the Dead Sea. Remote Sensing. 2024; 16(17):3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173294
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaer, Gidon, Ittai Gavrieli, Iyad Swaed, and Ran N. Nof. 2024. "Remote Sensing of Floodwater-Induced Subsurface Halite Dissolution in a Salt Karst System, with Implications for Landscape Evolution: The Western Shores of the Dead Sea" Remote Sensing 16, no. 17: 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173294