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Article

Fiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases (FRM4GHG): Validation of Satellite (Sentinel-5 Precursor, OCO-2, and GOSAT) Missions Using the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON)

by
Mahesh Kumar Sha
1,*,
Saswati Das
2,
Matthias M. Frey
3,4,
Darko Dubravica
4,
Carlos Alberti
4,
Bianca C. Baier
5,
Dimitrios Balis
6,
Alejandro Bezanilla
7,
Thomas Blumenstock
4,
Hartmut Boesch
8,
Zhaonan Cai
9,
Jia Chen
10,
Alexandru Dandocsi
11,
Martine De Mazière
1,
Stefani Foka
12,
Omaira García
13,
Lawson David Gillespie
14,15,
Konstantin Gribanov
16,
Jochen Gross
4,
Michel Grutter
7,
Philip Handley
5,17,
Frank Hase
4,
Pauli Heikkinen
18,
Neil Humpage
19,20,
Nicole Jacobs
14,
Sujong Jeong
21,
Tomi Karppinen
18,
Matthäus Kiel
2,
Rigel Kivi
18,
Bavo Langerock
1,
Joshua Laughner
2,
Morgan Lopez
22,
Maria Makarova
12,
Marios Mermigkas
6,
Isamu Morino
3,
Nasrin Mostafavipak
14,23,
Anca Nemuc
11,
Timothy Newberger
5,17,
Hirofumi Ohyama
3,
William Okello
24,
Gregory Osterman
2,
Hayoung Park
21,
Razvan Pirloaga
11,25,
David F. Pollard
26,
Uwe Raffalski
27,
Michel Ramonet
22,
Eliezer Sepúlveda
13,28,
William R. Simpson
29,
Wolfgang Stremme
7,
Colm Sweeney
5,
Noemie Taquet
7,28,
Chrysanthi Topaloglou
6,
Qiansi Tu
4,30,
Thorsten Warneke
8,
Debra Wunch
14,
Vyacheslav Zakharov
16 and
Minqiang Zhou
9add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Ringlaan-3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
2
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91011, USA
3
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
4
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Trace Gases and Remote Sensing (IMK-ASF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Leopoldshafen, Germany
5
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
6
Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
7
Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
8
Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
9
CNRC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichenxilu-81, Beijing 100029, China
10
School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstr. 90, 80333 Munich, Germany
11
National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania
12
Department of Atmospheric Physics, Saint Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskay st., 1, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
13
State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMet), La Marina-20, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
14
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
15
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Climate Chemistry Measurements and Research, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
16
Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
17
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado-Boulder, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
18
Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Tähteläntie 62, 99600 Sodankylä, Finland
19
National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK
20
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Leicester LE4 5SP, UK
21
Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
22
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
23
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
24
National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI), Plot 39/45, Nile Crescent, Jinja P.O. Box 343, Uganda
25
Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street RO077125, 030018 Magurele, Romania
26
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd. (NIWA), Private Bag 50061, Omakau 9352, New Zealand
27
Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF), Box 812, 98128 Kiruna, Sweden
28
Tragsatec, Julian Camarillo-6B, 28037 Madrid, Spain
29
Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
30
School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(5), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050734
Submission received: 31 December 2024 / Revised: 6 February 2025 / Accepted: 10 February 2025 / Published: 20 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Copernicus Sentinels Missions Calibration, Validation, FRM and Innovation Approaches in Satellite-Data Quality Assessment)
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Abstract

The COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network has become a reliable source of high-quality ground-based remote sensing network data that provide column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2), methane (XCH4), and carbon monoxide (XCO). The fiducial reference measurements of these gases from the COCCON complement the TCCON and NDACC-IRWG data. This study shows the application of COCCON data for the validation of existing greenhouse gas satellite products. This study includes the validation of XCH4 and XCO products from the European Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission, XCO2 products from the American Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission, and XCO2 and XCH4 products from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). A total of 27 datasets contributed to this study; some of these were collected in the framework of campaign activities and covered only a short time period. In addition, several permanent stations provided long-term observations. The random uncertainties in the validation results, specifically for S5P with a lot of coincidences pairs, are found to be similar to the comparison with the TCCON. The comparison results of OCO-2 land nadir and land glint observation modes to the COCCON on a global scale, despite limited coincidences, are very promising. The stations can, therefore, expand on the coverage of the already existing ground-based reference remote sensing sites from the TCCON and the NDACC network. The COCCON data can be used for future satellite and model validation studies and carbon cycle studies.
Keywords: fiducial reference measurements; greenhouse gas; validation; COCCON; Sentinel-5 Precursor; OCO-2; GOSAT; remote sensing; TCCON; NDACC-IRWG fiducial reference measurements; greenhouse gas; validation; COCCON; Sentinel-5 Precursor; OCO-2; GOSAT; remote sensing; TCCON; NDACC-IRWG

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Sha, M.K.; Das, S.; Frey, M.M.; Dubravica, D.; Alberti, C.; Baier, B.C.; Balis, D.; Bezanilla, A.; Blumenstock, T.; Boesch, H.; et al. Fiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases (FRM4GHG): Validation of Satellite (Sentinel-5 Precursor, OCO-2, and GOSAT) Missions Using the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON). Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050734

AMA Style

Sha MK, Das S, Frey MM, Dubravica D, Alberti C, Baier BC, Balis D, Bezanilla A, Blumenstock T, Boesch H, et al. Fiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases (FRM4GHG): Validation of Satellite (Sentinel-5 Precursor, OCO-2, and GOSAT) Missions Using the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON). Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(5):734. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050734

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sha, Mahesh Kumar, Saswati Das, Matthias M. Frey, Darko Dubravica, Carlos Alberti, Bianca C. Baier, Dimitrios Balis, Alejandro Bezanilla, Thomas Blumenstock, Hartmut Boesch, and et al. 2025. "Fiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases (FRM4GHG): Validation of Satellite (Sentinel-5 Precursor, OCO-2, and GOSAT) Missions Using the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON)" Remote Sensing 17, no. 5: 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050734

APA Style

Sha, M. K., Das, S., Frey, M. M., Dubravica, D., Alberti, C., Baier, B. C., Balis, D., Bezanilla, A., Blumenstock, T., Boesch, H., Cai, Z., Chen, J., Dandocsi, A., Mazière, M. D., Foka, S., García, O., Gillespie, L. D., Gribanov, K., Gross, J., ... Zhou, M. (2025). Fiducial Reference Measurements for Greenhouse Gases (FRM4GHG): Validation of Satellite (Sentinel-5 Precursor, OCO-2, and GOSAT) Missions Using the COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON). Remote Sensing, 17(5), 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050734

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