Spatial Assessment of the Bioclimatic and Environmental Factors Driving Mangrove Tree Species’ Distribution along the Brazilian Coastline
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Environmental Geodatabase
2.3. Self-Organizing Maps (Data-Driven Approach)
2.4. Descriptive Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Self-Organizing Maps
3.2. Environmental Description
3.3. Air Temperature and Sea Surface Temperature
3.4. Annual Precipitation, PET and the Precipitation of the Driest Quarter
4. Discussion
4.1. Explaining the Species Limits
4.2. Comparison Climate Databases
4.3. Mangrove Mappings
4.4. Limitation of This Work
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Species Abbreviation | Family | Location | Latitude | STATE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Degrees | Decimal | |||||
Rhizophora harrisonii Leechman | R. harrisonii | Rhizophoraceae | Preguiças River | 2°40'S | 2.6°S | Maranhão, MA |
Rhizophora racemosa G.F.W. Meyer | R. racemosa | Rhizophoraceae | Preguiças River | 2°40'S | 2.6°S | Maranhão, MA |
Avicennia germinans L. | A. germinans | Acanthaceae | Atafona | 21°37'S | 21.6°S | Rio de Janeiro, RJ |
Conocarpus erectus L. | C. erectus | Combretaceae | Araruama | 22°55'S | 22.9°S | Rio de Janeiro, RJ |
Rhizophora mangle L. | R. mangle | Rhizophoraceae | Praia do Sonho | 27°53'S | 27.8°S | Santa Catarina, SC |
Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. | L. racemosa | Combretaceae | Laguna | 28°30'S | 28.5°S | Santa Catarina, SC |
Avicennia schaueriana Stapf. and Leech | A. schaueriana | Acanthaceae | Laguna | 28°30'S | 28.5°S | Santa Catarina, SC |
Code | Unit | Resolution | Variables |
---|---|---|---|
BIO1 | °C | 2.5 arc-minute | Annual Mean Temperature |
BIO2 | °C | Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)) | |
BIO3 | °C | Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (×100) | |
BIO4 | - | Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | |
BIO5 | °C | Max Temperature of Warmest Month | |
BIO6 | °C | Min Temperature of Coldest Month | |
BIO7 | °C | Temperature Annual Range (BIO5-BIO6) | |
BIO8 | °C | Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter | |
BIO9 | °C | Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter | |
BIO10 | °C | Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter | |
BIO11 | °C | Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter | |
BIO12 | mm | Annual Precipitation | |
BIO13 | mm | Precipitation of Wettest Month | |
BIO14 | mm | Precipitation of Driest Month | |
BIO15 | - | Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) | |
BIO16 | mm | Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | |
BIO17 | mm | Precipitation of Driest Quarter | |
BIO18 | mm | Precipitation of Warmest Quarter | |
BIO19 | mm | Precipitation of Coldest Quarter | |
ARIDITY | - | 30 arc-second | Aridity Index |
PET | mm/day | Potential EvapoTranspiration | |
SSTMIN | °C | 5 arc-minute | Min Sea Surface Temperature |
SSTMEAN | °C | Mean Sea Surface Temperature | |
SSTMAX | °C | Max Sea Surface Temperature | |
SALINITY | PSU | Sea salinity |
Species | Latitude | Richness | BIO1 | BIO6 | BIO11 | SSTMIN | SSTMEAN | SSTMAX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R. racemosa and R. harrisonii | 2.6°S | 7 | 27.3 | 22.1 | 26.7 | 27 | 29 | 29 |
A. germinans | 21.6°S | 5 | 23.0 | 15.3 | 20.7 | 23 | 26 | 28 |
C. erectus | 22.9°S | 4 | 23.0 | 17.4 | 20.9 | 22 | 25 | 27 |
R. mangle | 27.8°S | 3 | 20.0 | 12.8 | 16.4 | 18 | 22 | 26 |
A. schaueriana and L. racemosa | 28.5°S | 2 | 19.9 | 12.5 | 16.3 | 17 | 22 | 27 |
Species | Latitude | Richness | BIO12 | BIO14 | BIO17 | BIO18 | Aridity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R. racemosa and R. harrisonii | 2.6°S | 7 | 1549 | 5 | 15 | 16 | 0.92 |
A. germinans | 21.6°S | 5 | 1014 | 27 | 98 | 329 | 0.73 |
C. erectus | 22.9°S | 4 | 870 | 39 | 125 | 242 | 0.72 |
R. mangle | 27.8°S | 3 | 1420 | 72 | 230 | 535 | 1.29 |
A. schaueriana and L. racemosa | 28.5°S | 2 | 1431 | 89 | 282 | 434 | 1.30 |
Variables | Codes | This Study | S-N et al. (1990) | This Study | S-N et al. (1990) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Location | Min | Location | Max | Location | Max | Location | |||
Annual Mean Temperature | Group 1 | BIO1 | 19.8 | Florianópolis/Biguaçu, SC | <20 | Laguna, SC | 27.9 | Camocim, CE | ca. 26.8 | Recife, PE |
Isothermality | BIO3 | 43 | Laguna, SC | 89 | near to Belém, PA | |||||
Temperature Seasonality | BIO4 | 306 | near to Belém, PA | 3129 | Paranaguá Bay, PR | |||||
Temperature Annual Range | BIO7 | 8.5 | Aracajú, SE | >1 | Belém, PA | 18.3 | Camboriú, SC | >8 | Laguna, SC | |
Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter | BIO9 | 16.2 | Camboriú, SC | 28.2 | Acaraú, CE | |||||
Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter | BIO10 | 23.2 | Florianópolis, SC | 28.7 | Camocim, CE | |||||
Min Temperature of Coldest Month | BIO6 | 10.4 | Camboriú, SC | 15.7 | Laguna, SC | 23.2 | Marajó Island, PA | ca. 25.5 | Belém, PA | |
Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter | BIO11 | 16.2 | Camboriú/Biguaçu, SC | 27.1 | Camocim, CE | |||||
Min Sea surface temperature | SSTMIN | 17 | Laguna, SC | 30 | Icatu, MA | |||||
Mean Sea surface temperature | SSTMEAN | 21.50 | Imbituba, SC | 31.21 | Bequimão, MA | |||||
Max Sea surface temperature | SSTMAX | 25 | Imbituba, SC | 33 | *Four locations | |||||
Precipitation of Warmest Quarter | BIO18 | 7 | Cajueiro da Praia, PI | 1029 | Cananéia, SP | |||||
Mean Diurnal Range | Group 2 | BIO2 | 57 | Aracajú, SE | 110 | Camocim, CE | ||||
Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter | BIO8 | 22.5 | Belmonte, BA | 27.6 | Areia Branca, RN | |||||
Max Temperature of Warmest Month | BIO5 | 27.6 | Laguna, SC | 35.1 | Camocim, CE | |||||
Precipitation Seasonality | BIO15 | 9 | Una, BA | 118 | Camocim, CE | |||||
Precipitation of Driest Month | BIO14 | 0 | Macau, RN | 143 | Camamu/Maraú, BA | |||||
Precipitation of Driest Quarter | BIO17 | 1 | Camocim, CE | 466 | Camamu/Maraú, BA | |||||
Potential Evapotranspiration | PET | 1092 | Madre River, SC | ca. 950 | Florianópolis, SC | 1877 | Camocim, CE | 1600 | Golfão-Belém, PA | |
Annual Precipitation | Group 3 | BIO12 | 600 | Macau, RN | 1090 | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | 3791 | Nazaré, AP | 3250 | Maracá, AP |
Precipitation of Wettest Month | BIO13 | 114 | Arraial do Cabo, RJ | 613 | Algodoal, PA | |||||
Precipitation of Wettest Quarter | BIO16 | 300 | Arraial do Cabo, RJ | 1655 | Nazaré, AP | |||||
Precipitation of Coldest Quarter | BIO19 | 61 | Areia Branca, RN | 1634 | Marajó Island, PA | |||||
Aridity index | ARIDITY | 0.36 | Macau, RN | 2.38 | Nazaré, AP | |||||
Salinity | SALINITY | 27.96 | Oiapoque River, AM | 37.17 | Belmonte, BA |
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Ximenes, A.C.; Maeda, E.E.; Arcoverde, G.F.B.; Dahdouh-Guebas, F. Spatial Assessment of the Bioclimatic and Environmental Factors Driving Mangrove Tree Species’ Distribution along the Brazilian Coastline. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060451
Ximenes AC, Maeda EE, Arcoverde GFB, Dahdouh-Guebas F. Spatial Assessment of the Bioclimatic and Environmental Factors Driving Mangrove Tree Species’ Distribution along the Brazilian Coastline. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(6):451. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060451
Chicago/Turabian StyleXimenes, Arimatéa C., Eduardo Eiji Maeda, Gustavo Felipe Balué Arcoverde, and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. 2016. "Spatial Assessment of the Bioclimatic and Environmental Factors Driving Mangrove Tree Species’ Distribution along the Brazilian Coastline" Remote Sensing 8, no. 6: 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060451