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Selaginella tamariscina Ethanol Extract Attenuates Influenza A Virus Infection by Inhibiting Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
by
Won-Kyung Cho
Won-Kyung Cho *
,
Hee-Jeong Choi
Hee-Jeong Choi and
Jin Yeul Ma
Jin Yeul Ma *
Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Chemdanro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2377; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142377 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 19 June 2024
/
Revised: 8 July 2024
/
Accepted: 11 July 2024
/
Published: 22 July 2024
Abstract
Selaginella tamariscina is a perennial plant that is used for diverse diseases. This study investigated whether Selaginella tamariscina has an antiviral effect against influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged influenza A virus (IAV) to examine the effect of Selaginella tamariscina ethanol extract (STE) on influenza viral infection. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry showed that STE potently represses GFP expression by the virus, dose-dependently. STE significantly inhibited the expression of the IAV M2, NP, HA, NA, NS1, and PB2 proteins. Time-of-addition and hemagglutination inhibition assays showed that STE has an inhibitory effect on hemagglutinin and viral binding on the cells at an early infection time. In addition, STE exerted a suppressive effect on the neuraminidase activity of the H1N1 and H3N2 IAVs. Furthermore, dose-dependently, STE inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by H3N2, as well as by H1N1 IAV. Especially in the presence of 200 µg/mL STE, the cytopathic effect was completely blocked. Our findings suggest that STE has antiviral efficacy against IAV infection; thus, it could be developed as a natural IAV inhibitor.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Cho, W.-K.; Choi, H.-J.; Ma, J.Y.
Selaginella tamariscina Ethanol Extract Attenuates Influenza A Virus Infection by Inhibiting Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2377.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142377
AMA Style
Cho W-K, Choi H-J, Ma JY.
Selaginella tamariscina Ethanol Extract Attenuates Influenza A Virus Infection by Inhibiting Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Nutrients. 2024; 16(14):2377.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142377
Chicago/Turabian Style
Cho, Won-Kyung, Hee-Jeong Choi, and Jin Yeul Ma.
2024. "Selaginella tamariscina Ethanol Extract Attenuates Influenza A Virus Infection by Inhibiting Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase" Nutrients 16, no. 14: 2377.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142377
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