Fish Consumption and DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Study of Gestational and Neonatal Outcomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Questions | Answers |
---|---|
Personal Data | |
Age | |
Nationality | |
Educational qualification | Primary School/Secondary school/Degree/Master’s or PhD |
Anthropometric Data | |
Write your height (cm) | |
Write your weight before pregnancy (kg) | |
How many kilos did you gain in the last pregnancy? | |
Pregnancy Session | |
Have you had any other pregnancies? | Yes/No |
How many spontaneous births? | 0/1/2/> 3 |
How many spontaneous miscarriages? | 0/1/2/> 3 |
How many IVGs? | 0/1/2/> 3 |
Do you suffer from any major diseases? | Diabetes/Thyroidopathies/Hypertension/Polycystic ovary/Heart diseases/Genetic diseases/Epilepsy/None/Other: |
Do you usually take any drugs? | Yes/No |
If the answer is “yes” write which drugs, otherwise answer “no”. | |
What type of birth did you undergo? | Natural/Caesarean |
At what week of gestation did you give birth? | |
How much did the baby weigh at birth (g)? | |
How long was the baby at birth (cm)? | |
Where was the baby admitted after birth? | Nest (cradle near the mother)/Neonatal Intensive Care/Other: |
If the answer is “Neonatal Intensive Care”, write the reason | |
Did you develop pathologies during pregnancy? | No/Gestational diabetes/Gestational hypertension/Preeclampsia/Eclampsia/Cholestasis/Toxoplasmosis/Cytomegalovirus/Chickenpox/COVID-19/Other: |
Dietary and Lifestyle Habits | |
Were you often on a diet before pregnancy? | Yes/No |
Were you on a diet during pregnancy? | Yes/No |
If the answer is yes, who was it followed by? | Nutritionist/Gynecologist/Family Doctor/Other: |
Did you attend a birth accompaniment course during your last pregnancy? | Yes/No |
If so, has the topic of nutrition and supplements in pregnancy been discussed during the course? | Yes/No |
Are you vegetarian? | Yes/No |
Are you vegan? | Yes/No |
Did you smoke during pregnancy? | Yes/No |
Did you drink alcohol during pregnancy? | Yes/No |
Did you take narcotic substances during pregnancy? | Tranquilizer/Cannabis/Hashish/Nothing/Other: |
Eating Habits | |
Did you take DHA supplement during pregnancy? | Yes/No |
How often have you eaten FISH before pregnancy? | Daily/Very often/1–2 times a week/Never |
How often have you eaten FISH during the first trimester? | Daily/Very often/1–2 times a week/Never |
How often have you eaten FISH during the second trimester? | Daily/Very often/1–2 times a week/Never |
How often have you eaten FISH during the third trimester? | Daily/Very often/1–2 times a week/Never |
Appendix B
Gestational/Neonatal Outcomes | Fish Consumption | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never (n = 33) | 1–2 t/w (n = 272) | ≥3 t/W (n = 100) | ||
Spontaneous delivery | 27 (90%) | 213 (75%) | 65 (71%) | 0.10 |
Cesarean delivery | 3 (10%) | 70 (25%) | 27 (29%) | |
GWG (kg) | 12.8 (4.04) | 12.8 (4.02) | 11.3 (3.99) | 0.001 ** |
Gestation weeks | 38.8 (1.41) | 39.2 (1.39) | 39.3 (1.39) | 0.202 |
Weight at birth (g) | 3147.6 (460.18) | 3325.9 (457.58) | 3420.9 (458.264) | 0.109 |
Height at birth (cm) | 49.4 (2.28) | 50.4 (2.28) | 50.8 (2.26) | 0.04 * |
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N Sample = 404 | |
---|---|
<35 years | 31.05 (2.48) |
≥35 years | 38.79 (3.27) |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 60.91 (11.71) |
Height (cm) | 165.42 (6.34) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.0 (3.7) |
Underweight | 30 [7.4] |
Normal weight | 305 [75.5] |
Pre-obese | 51 [12.6] |
Obese | 18 [4.5] |
GWG (kg) | 12.7 (4.2) |
Nulliparous | 235 [58.0] |
Multiparous | 169 [42.0] |
Elementary school | 4 [1.0] |
Secondary school | 123 [30.6] |
Degree | 213 [52.6] |
Ph.D. | 64 [15.8] |
N Sample = 404 | |
---|---|
Males | 207 [51.2] |
Females | 197 [48.8] |
Gestation weeks | 39.16 (1.39) |
Natural childbirth | 300 [74.3] |
Cesarean delivery | 104 [25.7] |
Weight < 2500 g | 14 [3.5] |
Weight 2500–4000 g | 359 [88.9] |
Weight ≥ 4000 g | 31 [7.6] |
Height at birth | 50.42 (2.28) |
Neonatology hospitalization | 379 [93.8] |
NICU hospitalization | 20 [5.0] |
SCBU hospitalization | 5 [1.2] |
Gestational/Neonatal Outcomes | Comparisons | p-Value | Std. Error. |
---|---|---|---|
GWG (kg) | ≥3 vs. 0 | 0.05 * | 23.64 |
≥3 vs. 1–2 | <0.001 ** | 13.61 | |
0 vs. 1–2 | 0.89 | 21.76 | |
Gestation weeks | ≥3 vs. 0 | 0.13 | 23.46 |
≥3 vs. 1–2 | 0.80 | 13.51 | |
0 vs. 1–2 | 0.07 | 21.59 | |
Weight at birth (g) | ≥3 vs. 0 | 0.04 * | 23.71 |
≥3 vs. 1–2 | 0.34 | 13.66 | |
0 vs. 1–2 | 0.09 | 21.82 | |
Height at birth (cm) | ≥3 vs. 0 | 0.01 * | 23.41 |
≥3 vs. 1–2 | 0.14 | 13.48 | |
0 vs. 1–2 | 0.08 | 21.54 |
Gestational/Neonatal Outcomes | DHA Intake | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 217) | Yes (n = 186) | ||
Spontaneous delivery | 182 (77%) | 119 (72%) | <0.001 ** |
Cesarean delivery | 55 (23%) | 51 (28%) | |
GWG (kg) | 12.9 (4.0) | 11.9 (3.9) | 0.007 * |
Gestation weeks | 39.0 (1.5) | 39.3 (1.2) | 0.02 * |
Weight at birth (g) | 3318.6 (470.1) | 3454.8 (441.9) | 0.43 |
Height at birth (cm) | 50.3 (2.3) | 50.5 (2.3) | 0.32 |
Gestational/neonatal outcomes | Fish consumption in the group of patients not taking DHA (n = 217) | ||
Never | 1–2 t/w | >3 t/w | |
(n = 15) | (n = 157) | (n = 45) | |
GWG (kg) | −0.076 | −0.031 | −0.082 |
0.298 | 0.672 | 0.267 | |
Gestation weeks | 0.132 | −0.061 | 0.018 |
0.071 | 0.404 | 0.807 | |
Weight at birth (g) | 0.177 | −0.067 | 0.040 |
0.015 | 0.364 | 0.584 | |
Height at birth (cm) | 0.202 | −0.095 | −0.026 |
0.006 * | 0.197 | 0.723 | |
Fish consumption in the group of patients taking DHA (n = 186) | |||
Never | 1–2 t/w | >3 t/w | |
(n = 17) | (n = 115) | (n = 55) | |
GWG (kg) | 0.024 | −0.241 | −0.250 |
0.720 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |
Gestation weeks | 0.053 | −0.062 | −0.035 |
0.436 | 0.364 | 0.607 | |
Weight at birth (g) | 0.013 | 0.065 | −0.080 |
0.852 | 0.337 | 0.239 | |
Height at birth (cm) | 0.004 | 0.142 | 0.160 |
0.952 | 0.036 | 0.019 |
Sign. | OR | 95% C.I. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Inferior | Superior | |||
DHA | 0.083 | 0.449 | 0.182 | 1.111 |
Fish | 0.349 | 0.543 | 0.151 | 1.949 |
Gestational Age Birth (days) | p-Value | Birth Weight (g) | p-Value | Birth Length (cm) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-pregnancy BMI underweight | ||||||
No Fish consumption n = 3 | 36.57 (0.513) | 0.004 * | 2420.0 (51.962) | 0.003 * | 45.33 (2.89) | <0.001 ** |
Fish consumption n = 27 | 39.22 (1.412) | 3257.56 (435.23) | 40.48 (1.83) | |||
No DHA intake n = 15 | 39.32 (1.77) | 0.21 | 3305.2 (506.37) | 0.14 | 50.47 (2.23) | 0.27 |
DHA intake n = 15 | 38.59 (1.29) | 3042.4 (440.52) | 49.47 (2.64) | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI normal | ||||||
No Fish consumption n = 22 | 39.05 (1.27) | 0.55 | 3153.82 (461.78) | 0.06 * | 49.32 (2.89) | 0.02 * |
Fish consumption n = 283 | 39.24 (1.41) | 3340.69 (442.16) | 50.46 (2.23) | |||
No DHA intake n = 166 | 39.02 (1.59) | 0.006 * | 3285.74 (460.87) | 0.08 | 50.18 (2.27) | 0.1 |
DHA intake n = 139 | 39.47 (1.11) | 3376.73 (422.59) | 50.62 (2.33) | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI overweight | ||||||
No Fish consumption n = 2 | 38.65 (0.49) | 0.73 | 3050.0 (636.39) | 0.28 | 50.50 (0.71) | 0.84 |
Fish consumption n = 49 | 38.97 (1.27) | 3441.20 (490.13) | 50.80 (2.06) | |||
No DHA intake n = 24 | 39.11 (1.27) | 0.42 | 3500.71 (495.66) | 0.31 | 51.02 (2.19) | 0.44 |
DHA intake n = 27 | 38.82 (1.24) | 3359.33 (493.23) | 50.57 (1.87) | |||
Pre-pregnancy BMI obese | ||||||
No Fish consumption n = 5 | 39.38 (1.15) | 0.46 | 3595.60 (364.06) | 0.52 | 51.50 (1.94) | 0.36 |
Fish consumption n = 13 | 38.87 (1.31) | 3444.15 (464.04) | 50.38 (2.33) | |||
No DHA intake n = 12 | 38.41 (0.89) | 0.001 * | 3426.00 (461.03) | 0.42 | 50.50 (2.39) | 0.62 |
DHA intake n = 6 | 40.22 (0.98) | 3606.67 (381.66) | 51.08 (2.01) |
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Gualtieri, P.; Frank, G.; Cianci, R.; Dominici, F.; Mappa, I.; Rizzo, G.; De Santis, G.L.; Bigioni, G.; Di Renzo, L. Fish Consumption and DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Study of Gestational and Neonatal Outcomes. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3051. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183051
Gualtieri P, Frank G, Cianci R, Dominici F, Mappa I, Rizzo G, De Santis GL, Bigioni G, Di Renzo L. Fish Consumption and DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Study of Gestational and Neonatal Outcomes. Nutrients. 2024; 16(18):3051. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183051
Chicago/Turabian StyleGualtieri, Paola, Giulia Frank, Rossella Cianci, Francesca Dominici, Ilenia Mappa, Giuseppe Rizzo, Gemma Lou De Santis, Giulia Bigioni, and Laura Di Renzo. 2024. "Fish Consumption and DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy: Study of Gestational and Neonatal Outcomes" Nutrients 16, no. 18: 3051. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183051