Dietary Inflammatory Index and Blood Pressure Levels in Mexican Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)
2.4. Blood Pressure
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.6.1. Association between Changes in DII and Changes in Blood Pressure
2.6.2. Association between DII and the Incidence of Hypertension
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Association between Changes in DII and Changes in Blood Pressure
3.3. Association between DII and the Incidence of Hypertension
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characterisitics | Baseline Mean (SD) | Changes β | (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 45.6 (12.9) | 4.70 | (4.65, 4.75) | <0.001 |
Systolic Blood pressure (mm Hg) | 116.3 (13.1) | 2.37 | (1.94, 2.80) | <0.001 |
Diastolic Blood pressure (mm Hg) | 71.7 (9.9) | 2.21 | (1.74, 2.68) | <0.001 |
Sleep time (hours/d) | 7.3 (1.3) | −0.09 | (−0.13, −0.05) | <0.001 |
Physical activity (MET-hour/week) | 14.3 (20.9) | −1.41 | (−1.98, −0.84) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 (4.4) | 0.46 | (0.34, 0.58) | <0.001 |
Dietary variables | ||||
Total energy (kcal/d) | 2129 (878) | −180.82 | (−205.68, −155.96) | <0.001 |
Total carbohydrates (g/d) | 327.6 (146.6) | −23.64 | (−27.96, −19.32) | <0.001 |
Total Proteins (g/d) | 41.2 (26.0) | 7.64 | (6.78, 8.50) | <0.001 |
Total fats (g/d) | 55.5 (27.4) | −6.10 | (−6.86, −5.33) | <0.001 |
Saturated fats (g/d) | 20.3 (10.8) | −2.77 | (−3.06, −2.47) | <0.001 |
Sodium (mg/d) | 1939.7 (929.5) | −174.43 | (−202.06, −146.81) | <0.001 |
Alcohol (g/d) | 4.5 (10.7) | −0.48 | (−0.92, −0.03) | 0.035 |
Fiber (g/d) | 29.2 (16.0) | −1.25 | (−1.72, −0.78) | <0.001 |
Dietary inflammatory index | 0.58 (2.07) | 0.28 | (0.23, 0.34) | <0.001 |
Dietary Inflammatory Index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Change T1 to T2 | Change T1 to T3 | ||||
SBP | β | [95% CI] | β | [95% CI] | p-Trend |
M1 | 1.55 | [−0.11; 3.20] | 2.98 | [0.92; 5.05] | 0.005 |
M2 | 1.53 | [−0.17; 3.23] | 3.10 | [0.99; 5.20] | 0.004 |
M3 | 1.93 | [0.05; 3.81] | 3.55 | [1.20; 5.91] | 0.003 |
M4 | 1.60 | [−0.10; 3.30] | 3.23 | [1.11; 5.34] | 0.003 |
DBP | |||||
M1 | 0.39 | [−0.72; 1.50] | 1.00 | [−0.38; 2.39] | 0.148 |
M2 | 0.25 | [−0.90; 1.40] | 0.96 | [−0.47; 2.39] | 0.173 |
M3 | 0.27 | [−0.99; 1.54] | 0.94 | [−0.64; 2.53] | 0.228 |
M4 | 0.28 | [−0.88; 1.43] | 1.01 | [−0.43; 2.44] | 0.156 |
Quartiles of DII | Q1 (<−1.48) | Q2 (−1.48; −0.03) | Q3 (−0.02; 1.73) | Q4 (>1.73) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR [95% CI] | HR [95% CI] | HR [95% CI] | HR [95% CI] | p-Trend | |
Cases | 82 | 94 | 85 | 80 | |
Person years | 9.02 | 8.44 | 8.34 | 8.35 | |
n | 301 | 301 | 301 | 300 | |
M1 | Reference | 1.26 [0.89; 1.78] | 1.17 [0.80; 1.73] | 1.22 [0.77; 1.91] | 0.62 |
M2 | Reference | 1.25 [0.88; 1.76] | 1.16 [0.79; 1.71] | 1.21 [0.77; 1.90] | 0.66 |
M3 | Reference | 1.20 [0.85; 1.70] | 1.14 [0.77; 1.69] | 1.18 [0.74; 1.86] | 0.79 |
M4 | Reference | 1.25 [0.88; 1.76] | 1.17 [0.79; 1.73] | 1.21 [0.77; 1.90] | 0.66 |
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Villaverde, P.; Rivera-Paredez, B.; Argoty-Pantoja, A.D.; Velázquez Cruz, R.; Salmerón, J. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Blood Pressure Levels in Mexican Adults. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3052. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183052
Villaverde P, Rivera-Paredez B, Argoty-Pantoja AD, Velázquez Cruz R, Salmerón J. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Blood Pressure Levels in Mexican Adults. Nutrients. 2024; 16(18):3052. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183052
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillaverde, Paola, Berenice Rivera-Paredez, Anna D. Argoty-Pantoja, Rafael Velázquez Cruz, and Jorge Salmerón. 2024. "Dietary Inflammatory Index and Blood Pressure Levels in Mexican Adults" Nutrients 16, no. 18: 3052. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183052