Loading and Release of Charged and Neutral Fluorescent Dyes into and from Mesoporous Materials: A Key Role for Sensing Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Buffer Solutions
2.3. Determination of Molar Absorption Coefficient of the Dyes
2.4. Synthesis of Mesoporous MCM-41-Type Silica Nanoparticles (MSN)
2.5. Materials Characterisation
2.6. Loading of Dyes into MCM-41
2.7. Quantification of Dye Loaded
2.8. Dye Release Experiments
3. Results
3.1. Characterisation of Silica Mesoporous Nanoparticles
3.2. Selection of Dyes and Loading Procedure
3.3. Loading and Release Studies
4. Discussion
- (i)
- Dye and solvent: the solvation process of the dye is mainly affected by dipole interactions and polarizability properties, depending on dipole moments and charge delocalisation. In addition, if a counter-ion is present, the equilibrium between well-solvated dye ion (D)S and well-solvated counter-ion (I)S, a solvated ternary complex of a dye, a solvent molecule and a counter-ion (D•S•I)S as well as a solvated yet tightly bound ion pair (D•I)S has to be considered as a consequence of the electrostatic forces at play. These effects can stabilise the dissolution of the compound and reduce the adsorption ability of the dye within the material. On the other hand, a low solubility in the bulk solvent can enhance the adsorption into the pores of a material because of the favoured affinity between the surface functional groups and dye molecule.
- (ii)
- Dye and dye: hydrophobic interactions such as π stacking between two dye molecules can influence the loading and release process.
- (iii)
- Dye and silica surface: a satisfactory degree of loading can only be achieved if the interactions of the dye and the material are sufficiently strong. However, too strong interactions are not favoured because they would hinder a fast desorption process.
- (iv)
- Silica surface: the surface pH of the porous material can affect the dissolution of the dye as a function of its own charge state, which is connected to the solvent’s bulk pH. Furthermore, the pore size and shape may have an influence on the mass transfer as well [65].
- A-materials: BDP < F27 < SRB < Rh101-ClO4 < Rh101-Cl ~ Rh101 < RhB
- B-materials: BDP < Rh101-ClO4 < Rh101-Cl < F27 < RhB < Rh101 < SRB
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Solvent | Dyes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rh101 | Rh101-Cl | Rh101-ClO4 | RhB | SRB | F27 | BDP | |
MeCN | ARh101 | ARh101-Cl | ARh101-ClO4 | ARhB | ASRB | AF27 | ABDP |
PBS | BRh101 | BRh101-Cl | BRh101-ClO4 | BRhB | BSRB | BF27 | BBDP |
Dye | Solvent | λmax (nm) | εmax a (M−1 cm−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Rh101 | PBS | 576 | 44580 |
Rh101 | MeCN | 576 | 12690 |
Rh101-Cl | PBS | 576 | 86630 |
Rh101-Cl | MeCN | 576 | 86330 |
Rh101-ClO4 | PBS | 576 | 96890 |
Rh101-ClO4 | MeCN | 572 | 96160 |
SRB | PBS | 564 | 95950 |
SRB | MeCN | 550 | 73320 |
RhB | PBS | 555 | 97520 |
RhB | MeCN | 554 | 87120 |
F27 | PBS | 503 | 92510 |
F27 | MeCN | 503 | 300 |
BDP | PBS | - b | - b |
BDP | MeCN | 507 | 69950 |
Material | mmol g−1 SiO2 Loaded; via EA | mmol g− SiO2 Loaded; via UV | mmol g− SiO2 Delivered | % Loaded (Average) a | % Delivered |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BRh101 | 0.229 ± 0.015 | 0.354 ± 0.035 | 0.103 ± 0.001 | 36.5 | 35.2 |
ARh101 | 0.577 ± 0.040 | 0.658 ± 0.045 | 0.156 ± 0.015 | 77.2 | 25.3 |
BRh101-Cl | 0.559 ± 0.089 | 0.603 ± 0.053 | 0.103 ± 0.013 | 72.6 | 17.8 |
ARh101-Cl | 0.229 ± 0.008 | 0.091 ± 0.038 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 20.0 | 3.0 |
BRh101-ClO4 | 0.501 ± 0.067 | 0.299 ± 0.005 | 0.096 ± 0.007 | 50.0 | 23.9 |
ARh101-ClO4 | 0.177 ± 0.007 | 0.111 ± 0.011 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 18.0 | 2.7 |
BSRB | 0.097 ± 0.104 | 0.082 ± 0.001 | 0.066 ± 0.003 | 11.2 | 73.1 |
ASRB | 0.756 ± 0.029 | 0.682 ± 0.002 | 0.436 ± 0.011 | 89.9 | 60.7 |
BRhB | 0.467 ± 0.034 | 0.631 ± 0.002 | 0.156 ± 0.002 | 68.6 | 28.3 |
ARhB | 0.300 ± 0.017 | 0.533 ± 0.028 | 0.037 ± 0.005 | 52.1 | 8.9 |
BF27 | 0.091 ± 0.012 | 0.0980 ± 0.020 | 0.042 ± 0.005 | 11.8 | 44.6 |
AF27 | 0.115 ± 0.035 | 0.1230 ± 0.030 | 0.0200 ± 0.002 | 14.9 | 16.8 |
BBDP | 0.130 ± 0.002 | - | - | 13.8 | - |
ABDP | 0.071 ± 0.010 | 0.0621 ± 0.045 | 0.006 ± 0.010 | 8.3 | - |
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Climent, E.; Hecht, M.; Rurack, K. Loading and Release of Charged and Neutral Fluorescent Dyes into and from Mesoporous Materials: A Key Role for Sensing Applications. Micromachines 2021, 12, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12030249
Climent E, Hecht M, Rurack K. Loading and Release of Charged and Neutral Fluorescent Dyes into and from Mesoporous Materials: A Key Role for Sensing Applications. Micromachines. 2021; 12(3):249. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12030249
Chicago/Turabian StyleCliment, Estela, Mandy Hecht, and Knut Rurack. 2021. "Loading and Release of Charged and Neutral Fluorescent Dyes into and from Mesoporous Materials: A Key Role for Sensing Applications" Micromachines 12, no. 3: 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12030249