Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Malignant Melanoma Microenvironment
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Innate Lymphoid Cells
3. ILCs in the Skin, Liver, and Lung
3.1. Skin
3.2. Liver
3.3. Lungs
4. The Function of ILCs in Melanoma
4.1. ILCs in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
ILCs and the Stromal Compartment in the Primary Melanoma
4.2. ILCs in the Metastatic Progression of Cutaneous Melanoma
4.2.1. ILCs and Inflammation during Metastatic Progression in the Liver
4.2.2. ILCs and Inflammation during Metastatic Progression to Lungs
4.2.3. ILCs and the Stromal Compartment in the Metastatic Microenvironment
5. ILCs and EVs in the TME
5.1. Effect of Tumor-Derived EVs on ILCs
5.2. Tumor Modulation by ILC-Derived EVs
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Skin | Liver | Lung | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Melanoma | Healthy | Melanoma | Healthy | Melanoma | ||
Type 1 ILC | ILC1 | + | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | NA * |
NK | ++ | ++++ | +++ | ++++ | ++ | ++++ | |
Type 2 ILC | ++++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++++ | |
Type 3 ILC | NCR(+) | + | +++ | + | ++ | ++ | +++ |
NCR(−) | +++ | + | + | ++ | +++ | NA * |
Skin | Liver | Lung | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy | Melanoma | Healthy | Melanoma | Healthy | Melanoma | ||
Type 1 ILC | ILC1 | Immune cell recruitment. | Antitumoral (antigen recognition), protumoral (PD-L1 expression). | Normal hepatic function, local immune tolerance. | Inflammatory tumor microenvironment, tumor growth. | Homeostasis, host protection, immune surveillance. | Antitumoral (IFNγ-production) |
NK | Cytotoxicity. | Antitumoral (cytotoxic), protumoral (T cell exhaustion, ILC2 modulation). | Local immune response. | Antitumoral (cytotoxicity). | Cytotoxicity. | Antitumoral (cytotoxicity). | |
Type 2 ILC | Wound healing. | Antitumoral (IL-5), protumoral (NK cell-impairment, fibroblast transdifferentiation, increase NK PD-1 expression). | Response to chronic stress, local immune-suppression, counteract inflammatory injury. | Antitumoral (NA *), protumoral (favour a protumoral desmoplastic reaction) | Host protection, immune surveillance. | Antitumoral (tumor immunesurveillance, induction of IFNγ producing ILC1), protumoral (NK cell imapirment). | |
Type 3 ILC | NCR(+) | Immune cell recruitment. | Proangiogenic, immunesuppressive cell recruitment, IL-6 and Stat-3 activation | Response to chronic stress, counteract inflammatory injury. | Upregulation of adhesion molecules | Regulation of inflammation. | Antitumor immune response |
NCR(−) | Wound healing. | Proangiogenic, immunesuppressive cell recruitment, IL-6 and Stat-3 activation | Response to chronic stress, counteract inflammatory injury. | NA * | Regulation of inflammation. | NA * |
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Apraiz, A.; Benedicto, A.; Marquez, J.; Agüera-Lorente, A.; Asumendi, A.; Olaso, E.; Arteta, B. Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Malignant Melanoma Microenvironment. Cancers 2020, 12, 3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113177
Apraiz A, Benedicto A, Marquez J, Agüera-Lorente A, Asumendi A, Olaso E, Arteta B. Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Malignant Melanoma Microenvironment. Cancers. 2020; 12(11):3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113177
Chicago/Turabian StyleApraiz, Aintzane, Aitor Benedicto, Joana Marquez, Andrea Agüera-Lorente, Aintzane Asumendi, Elvira Olaso, and Beatriz Arteta. 2020. "Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Malignant Melanoma Microenvironment" Cancers 12, no. 11: 3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113177