The Clinical Assessment of MicroRNA Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Theranostic Value in Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Canonical miRNA Biosynthesis
3. RNAs Regulate Fundamental Processes of CRC Growth
4. MicroRNAs as a Diagnosis Biomarker in CRCs
5. MicroRNAs as a Prognosis Biomarker in CRCs (CRC Risk)
6. MicroRNAs as Therapeutics in CRCs
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- Locked nucleic acids (LNA), or “bridged nucleic acids (BNAs)”, are modified RNAs with a 2’sugar modification and act as anti-miRNAs. Due to their structure, they have high stability and affinity [98],
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- Antisense anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMO) are oligonucleotides with a complementary sequence used to neutralize miRNAs and their (dys)functions [99],
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- MiRNA sponges, or “sponge-miR-mask technology”, are used to prevent several miRNAs from binding. However, these masks have low specificity regarding gene blockage [100],
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- MiRNA antagomirs, or “anti-miRs “or “blockmirs”, are oligonucleotides designed to block molecules from binding to a specific site on miRNAs [101].
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- Identification of miRNA signatures of a specific disease.
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- Validation of miRNA signatures within gain- and loss-of-function studies in vitro and in vivo.
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- Pharmacologic analysis of in vivo delivery studies with pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis.
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- Efficacy and toxicity analysis at a large scale within human clinical trials (phase I to phase III) aimed at approval for therapeutic use.
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MiRNA(s) | Sample | Signaling Pathways Involved or Proteins Involved | Role in Oncogenesis | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MiRNA-10b | Tissue | E cadherin protein | Activates metastasis, vascular invasion, and tumor differentiation | Abdelmaksoud-Dammak et al. [46] | |
MiRNA-638 | Tissue | TSPAN1 protein | Inhibits cell proliferation, invasion, and arrests the cell cycle in G1 phase | Zhang et al., 2014 [47] | |
MiRNA-17, 19, 20 and 9 | Tissue | TGFβ-signaling | Cell proliferation | Pellat et al., 2018 [29] | |
MiRNA-21-5p | Tissue | Hippo signaling, Wnt signaling RAS signaling PI3K-AKT signaling TGF-β signaling Mismatch repair signaling | Erb signaling p53 signaling | Cell proliferation and cancer progression | Falzone et al., 2018 [48] |
MiRNA-195-5p | MAPK signaling | ||||
MiRNA-497-5p | p53 signaling FoxO signaling mTOR signaling MAPK signaling | ||||
MiRNA-217 | Tissue | MAPK signaling | Cell growth Apoptosis | Zhang et al., 2016 [49] | |
MiRNA-103a MiRNA-1827 MiRNA-137 | Tissue | Wnt signaling | Cell cycle Apoptosis | Fasihi et al., 2018 [50] | |
MiRNA-106a | Tissue | ATG7 protein | Autophagy | Hao et al., 2017 [51] | |
MiRNA-182 and miRNA-135b | Tissue | PI3K-AKT signaling | Migration, adhesion, invasion, proliferation, and tumor angiogenesis | Jia et al., 2017 [52] | |
MiRNA-181a | Tissue | E cadherin protein | Cell motility, invasion, tumor growth | Ji et al., 2014 [53] | |
MiRNA-125a-3p | Tissue | PI3K-AKT signaling | Proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis | Liang et al., 2017 |
MiRNA(s) | Sample | Aim | Limit of Detection (LOD) [Unit] | Sensibility | Specificity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MiRNA-92a(miR-21) | Stools | Early diagnosis (screening)Diagnosis | 435 [copies/ng] | 71.6% for CRC 56.1% for polyp | 73.3% for CRC and polyp | Wu et al., 2012 [58] |
Six- miRNA signature: miRNA-21, let-7g, miRNA-31, miRNA-92a, miRNA-181b, miRNA-203 | Serum | Diagnosis | 9.595 [“of risk score function”] | 96.4% | 88.1% | Wang et al., 2014 [59] |
MiRNA-21 | Serum | Diagnosis | 1.49 [fold change: ratio of the changes between miRNA value of CCR patients and miRNA value of healthy patients] | 77% | 78% | Basati et al., 2014 [60] |
MiRNA-21 | Plasma | Diagnosis | 0.00220 [expression relative, log 10 (2−ΔCt)] | 76.2% | 93.2% | Du et al., 2014 [61] |
MiRNA-191-5p | Serum | Reference gene for diagnosis | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Zheng et al., 2013 [62] |
MiRNA(s) | Sample | Aim | Results | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
MiRNA-125b-1 MiRNA-378a | Tissue | To predict efficacy of vaccine (5-peptide combination) against CRCs | + After peptide vaccines combined with oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy were given: miR-125b-1 in cancer cells (p = 0.040), and miR-378a in both cancer cells (p = 0.009) and stromal cells (p < 0.001) were negatively associated with OS | Tanaka et al., 2017 [70] |
MiRNA-31-3p | Tissue | Predictive biomarker of selection for anti-EGFR mAbs. | + Low miR-31-3p expression linked to better overall response rate | Anandappa et al., 2019 [71] |
MiRNA-100 | Tissue | Prognostic | + Its downregulation showed poor overall survival (OS) | Chen et al., 2014 [72] |
MiRNA-345 | Whole blood | Prognostic Predictive about cetuximab and irinotecan response | + −MiR-345, single prognostic biomarker for both OS and progression-free survival (PFS) −High miR-345 expression was associated with lack of response to treatment with cetuximab and irinotecan | Schou et al., 2014 [73] |
Circulating microRNA-126 (cir-miRNA-126) | Plasma | Predictive of anti-angiogenic treatment resistance | + Non-response to anti-angiogenic treatment was linked to increase of cir-miRNA-126 | Hansen et al., 2015 [74] |
MiRNA-126 | Tissue | Prognostic | + High tumor expression of miRNA-126 was significantly related to a longer PFS | Hansen et al., 2013 [75] |
MiRNA-6826 and miRNA-6875 | Plasma | Predictive to vaccine treatment response | + Plasma miR-6826 and miR-6875 may be predictive biomarkers for a poor response to vaccine treatment | Kijima et al., 2017 [76] |
MiRNA-31-5p | Tissue | Predictive response to cetuximab and panitumumab in metastatic wild-type KRAS colorectal cancer patients in progression after cetuximab in combination with irinotecan-based chemotherapy (FOLFIRI or irinotecan alone) who received panitumumab monotherapy | +/− −Predictive for cetuximab response −Non-predictive for panitumumab response | Kiss et al., 2016 [77] |
MiRNA-21 | Tissue | Predictive response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (FOLFOX4) for locally advanced CRC (staging cT3–4, any N, M0 or cT2, N1) | + Cut-off: 10.32 for differentiating pathological responders from non-responders, with a sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 88.2% | Liu et al., 2011 [78] |
MiRNA-31-3p | Tissue | Predictive of cetuximab therapy efficacy for patients with RAS WT mCRC. | + Low miR-31-3p expressers significantly benefited from cetuximab compared with bevacizumab for PFS, OS in multivariate analyses | Laurent-Puig et al., 2019 [79] |
Single nucleotide polymorphism (rs61764370, T > G base substitution) in the let-7 complementary site 6 (LCS-6) of KRAS miRNA | Tissue | Rs61764370 predictive of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer | + Randomized phase II trial of neoadjuvant CAPOX (capecitabine + oxaliplatin) followed by chemoradiotherapy, surgery, and adjuvant CAPOX plus or minus cetuximab in locally advanced rectal cancer:carriers of the G allele had a statistically significantly higher rate of complete response (CR) after neoadjuvant therapy and a trend for better 5-year PFS and OS rates. Both CR and survival outcomes were independent of cetuximab use. The negative prognostic effect associated with KRAS mutation appeared to be stronger in patients with the LCS-6 TT genotype compared to those with the LCS-6 TG genotype | Sclafani et al., 2015 [80] |
Delivery System | MiRNA(s) | MiRNA Type | Mode of Delivery | CRC Subtype | Target Gene | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyethylenimine | MiR-145 MiR-33a | Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) | Intraperitoneal Intravenous | CRC | c-Myc, ERK5 | Ibrahim et al., 2011 [110] |
Carbonate apatite | MiRNA-4689 | Mature-miR | Intravenous | KRAS-mutant CRC | KRAS, AKT1 | Hiraki et al., 2015 [123] |
Carbonate apatite | MiRNA-29b-1-5p | Mimic-miR | Intravenous | KRAS-mutant CRC | BCL-2, MCL1 | Inoue et al., 2018 [124] |
Exosome | MiRNA-143 | Chemically modified RNA molecules (BP-miR) entrapped by MVs (microvesicules) | Intravenous | CRC | None | Akao et al., 2011 [125] |
Atelocollagen | MiRNA-34a | Precursor-miRNA (pre-miRNA or pre-miR) | Subcutaneous | CRC | E2F | Tazawa et al., 2007 [126] |
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Al-Akhrass, H.; Christou, N. The Clinical Assessment of MicroRNA Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Theranostic Value in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers 2021, 13, 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122916
Al-Akhrass H, Christou N. The Clinical Assessment of MicroRNA Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Theranostic Value in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers. 2021; 13(12):2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122916
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Akhrass, Hussein, and Niki Christou. 2021. "The Clinical Assessment of MicroRNA Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Theranostic Value in Colorectal Cancer" Cancers 13, no. 12: 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13122916