Regulation and Functions of Protumoral Unconventional T Cells in Solid Tumors
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Generalities on UT Cells
2.1. UT Cell Ontogeny
2.2. UT Cell Effector Differentiation
2.3. Activation Mechanisms of UT Cells
2.3.1. TCR-Dependent Signals
2.3.2. TCR-Independent Signals
2.4. Functional Diversity of UT Cells
2.4.1. Cytotoxicity
2.4.2. Release of Immunoregulatory Factors
2.5. UT Cell Populations: Redundant Functions for Specific Roles?
3. Influence of the Tumor Microenvironment on UT Cell Functions
3.1. Tumor-Derived Antigens
3.2. Cytokines, Metabolites, pH and Hypoxia
3.3. Microbiota
4. Emerging Protumoral Functions of Intratumoral Unconventional T Cells
4.1. Angiogenesis and Tumor Cell Proliferation
4.2. Shaping the Immunosuppressive TME
4.3. Inhibition of Antitumoral Functions
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lineages | γδT Cells | MAIT Cells | iNKT Cells | vNKT Cells | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Mouse | Human | Mouse | Human | Mouse | Human | Mouse | Human | |
TCR repertoire | Restricted including germline-encoded TCRs (e.g., Vγ1Vδ6.3, Vγ5Vδ1, Vγ6Vδ1) [5] | Semi-invariant or variant Restricted number of γ and δ chains [5] | Semi-invariant Vα19-Jα33 Restricted number of β chains [6,7] | Semi-invariant Vα7.2-Jα33 Restricted number of β chains [7] | Semi-invariant Vα14-Jα18 Restricted number of β chains [8] | Semi-invariant Vα24-Jα18 Restricted number of β chains [8] | Diverse, including oligoclonal Vα3.2Jα7, Vα1Jα9 Restricted number of β chains including Vβ8.1 and Vβ3.1 segments [9] | Diverse [9] | |
Restricting elements | Mainly unknown CD1d T10/T22 butyrophilin-like molecules (Skint-1) [10] | Butyrophilin 3A1/2A1 (Vγ9Vδ2) CD1d (Vδ1) CD1c viral glycoproteins [11] | MR1 [12] | CD1d [13] | CD1d [9] | ||||
TCR ligands | Natural | Unknown Cardiolipin Phycoerythrin [14] | IPP, HMBPP (Vγ9Vδ2) Sulfatide and α-GalCer (Vδ1) EPCR (Vγ4Vδ5) [15] | Microbial-derived vitamin B2 metabolites (5-OP-RU, 5-OE-RU) [16] | α-GalCer Microbial α-derived glycolipids Ganglioside [17,18,19] | Sulfatide, LPC, PG Hydrophobic peptides β-GlcCer, LysoGL1 [20] | Sulfatide, LPC, PG β-GlcCer, LysoGL1 [20] | ||
Synthetic | - | Zoledronate *, Pamidronate * (Vγ9Vδ2) [21] | 5-OP-RU derivatives [16,22] | KRN7000 ** and derivatives Ganglioside (C24:1 GM3 and GD3) [23,24] | KRN7000 ** and derivatives [25] | - | - |
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Barsac, E.; de Amat Herbozo, C.; Gonzalez, L.; Baranek, T.; Mallevaey, T.; Paget, C. Regulation and Functions of Protumoral Unconventional T Cells in Solid Tumors. Cancers 2021, 13, 3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143578
Barsac E, de Amat Herbozo C, Gonzalez L, Baranek T, Mallevaey T, Paget C. Regulation and Functions of Protumoral Unconventional T Cells in Solid Tumors. Cancers. 2021; 13(14):3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143578
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarsac, Emilie, Carolina de Amat Herbozo, Loïc Gonzalez, Thomas Baranek, Thierry Mallevaey, and Christophe Paget. 2021. "Regulation and Functions of Protumoral Unconventional T Cells in Solid Tumors" Cancers 13, no. 14: 3578. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13143578