Development of Multi-Scale X-ray Fluorescence Tomography for Examination of Nanocomposite-Treated Biological Samples
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Nanocomposite Preparation
2.2. Cell Culture and Nanocomposite Treatments
2.3. Flow Cytometry
2.4. Protein Isolation and Western Blots
2.5. HeLa Cell Treatment and Sample Preparation for X-ray Fluoresence Microscopy
2.6. X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy and Tomography
2.7. X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis and Visualization
3. Results
3.1. Cell Cycle Changes in Cells Exposed to Non-Targeted Nanocomposites
3.2. BIRC5 Participates in Nanocomposite Protein Corona
3.3. XFM Permits Imaging of Nanocomposites Inside Cells
3.4. Use of X-ray Fluorescence Tomography to Evaluate Heterogeneity of Nanocomposite Distribution in Cell Clusters and Cells by “Low-Resolution Tomography” and “High-Resolution Tomography”
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tomography Data Collection Parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beamline | Incident X-ray Energy (Kev) | Flux (Counts/s) | Dwell/Pixel (ms) | Step Size (mm) | # Projections | Angular Coverage (°) |
2-ID-E | 10 | ~109 | 30 | 3 | 60 | 180 |
Bionanoprobe | 10 | 3 × 109 | 200 | 0.08 | 48 | 141 |
2D Scan Parameters | ||||||
Beamline | Incident X-ray Energy (Kev) | Flux (Counts/s) | Dwell/Pixel (ms) | Step Size (mm) | ||
2-ID-E | 10 | ~109 | 50 | 0.3 |
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Chen, S.; Lastra, R.O.; Paunesku, T.; Antipova, O.; Li, L.; Deng, J.; Luo, Y.; Wanzer, M.B.; Popovic, J.; Li, Y.; et al. Development of Multi-Scale X-ray Fluorescence Tomography for Examination of Nanocomposite-Treated Biological Samples. Cancers 2021, 13, 4497. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174497
Chen S, Lastra RO, Paunesku T, Antipova O, Li L, Deng J, Luo Y, Wanzer MB, Popovic J, Li Y, et al. Development of Multi-Scale X-ray Fluorescence Tomography for Examination of Nanocomposite-Treated Biological Samples. Cancers. 2021; 13(17):4497. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174497
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Si, Ruben Omar Lastra, Tatjana Paunesku, Olga Antipova, Luxi Li, Junjing Deng, Yanqi Luo, Michael Beau Wanzer, Jelena Popovic, Ya Li, and et al. 2021. "Development of Multi-Scale X-ray Fluorescence Tomography for Examination of Nanocomposite-Treated Biological Samples" Cancers 13, no. 17: 4497. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174497