Myosin Motors: Novel Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Conventional Myosins
2.1. Activation Status of Conventional Myosins in Colon Cancer
2.2. Mechanisms Underlying Activation of Conventional Myosins in Colon Cancer
2.3. Mechanisms of Conventional Myosins Inactivation in Colon Cancer
2.4. Functional Roles of Conventional Myosins in Colon Cancer
3. Unconventional Myosins
3.1. Class I Myosins
3.2. Class V Myosins
3.3. Class VI Myosins
3.4. Class X Myosins
3.5. Class XVIII Myosins
4. Pharmacologic Modulators of Myosin Activity: Are They Suitable for the Development of Anticancer Drugs?
4.1. Anticancer Effects of Small Molecular Modulators of Conventional Myosins
4.2. Small Molecular Inhibitors of Unconventional Myosins
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Myosin | Expressional Changes | mRNA or Protein Analysis | Prognostic Value | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-muscle myosin IIA (MYH9) | Upregulated | mRNA and protein level | High protein expression is associated with poor overall survival | [43,44,45] |
Non-muscle myosin IIA | Upregulated in CRC stroma | Protein level | No data | [46] |
Smooth muscle myosin isoform 2 (MYH11) | Mutated and upregulated | Genomic sequencing; mRNA and protein expression | High protein expression is associated with poor overall survival | [47,48,49,50] |
Myosin-1A (MYO1A) | Mutated and downregulated | Genomic sequencing; protein expression | Low protein expression is associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival | [51] |
Myosin-1D (MYO1D) | Upregulated | Protein level | No data | [52] |
Myosin-5A (MYO5A) | Upregulated in metastatic CRC | mRNA expression | No data | [53] |
Myosin-5B (MYO5B) | Downregulated | mRNA and protein levels | Low mRNA expression is associated with poor overall survival and disease-free survival | [54] |
Myosin-6 (MYO6) | Upregulated | mRNA and protein levels | mRNA overexpression is associated with poor overall survival | [55,56,57] |
Myosin-10 (MYO10) | Downregulated | mRNA expression | No data | [58] |
Myosin-18A (MYO18A) | Mutated | Genomic sequencing | Mutations are associated with better disease-free survival | [59] |
Myosin-18B (MYO18B) | Downregulated | mRNA expression | No data | [60] |
Compound | Protein Target | Mechanisms of Actions | Effects in Non-Cancer Models In Vivo | Effects in Cancer Models In Vivo |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blebbistatin | NM II and other class II myosins | Locks the myosin ATPase cycle in the actin detached state | Renal protective and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of nephropathy [166]. Inhibits development of carotid arterial thrombosis in mice [167]. Neuroprotective effects in the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model in mice [168,169]. | Inhibits central nervous system infiltration of leukemia cells in mice [170] |
4-Hydroxyacetophenone | NM IIB and NM IIC | Increases myofilament assembly | No data | Inhibits metastasis of colon and pancreatic cancer xenografts [115,171] |
EMD 57033 | Class II myosins | Promotes myosin folding and ATPase activity | Improves functions of the canine failing heart [172]. | No data |
Pentachloropseudilin | Class I myosins | Inhibits myosin motor activity by uncoupling the actin and ATP binding sites. | Impairs cytokinesis and cortical actin filament assembly in Zebrafish embryos [173]. Impairs early morphogenesis in chick embryos [174] | No data |
Pentabromopseudilin | Class V myosins and in less extent, class II myosins | Inhibits ATPase activity. | Impairs early morphogenesis in chick embryos [174]. | No data |
MyoVin-1 | Class V myosins | Inhibits the ATPase cycle by blocking ADP release from myosin. | No data | No data |
2,4,6-triiodophenol | Class VI myosins | Inhibits actin-stimulated ATPase activity. | Inhibits LTB4 synthesis in human healthy volunteers [175] | No data |
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Naydenov, N.G.; Lechuga, S.; Huang, E.H.; Ivanov, A.I. Myosin Motors: Novel Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers 2021, 13, 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040741
Naydenov NG, Lechuga S, Huang EH, Ivanov AI. Myosin Motors: Novel Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers. 2021; 13(4):741. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040741
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaydenov, Nayden G., Susana Lechuga, Emina H. Huang, and Andrei I. Ivanov. 2021. "Myosin Motors: Novel Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer" Cancers 13, no. 4: 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13040741