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Review

Nipple Aspirate Fluid at a Glance

by
Susana I. S. Patuleia
1,2,
Karijn P. M. Suijkerbuijk
2,
Elsken van der Wall
2,
Paul J. van Diest
1 and
Cathy B. Moelans
1,*
1
Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
2
Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cancers 2022, 14(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010159
Submission received: 29 November 2021 / Revised: 20 December 2021 / Accepted: 26 December 2021 / Published: 29 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Biopsy: Current Status and Future Perspectives)

Simple Summary

Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is a promising source of markers for detection of breast cancer. NAF can be acquired via the nipple by aspiration using a suction device, which is well tolerated by women. Future possible applications of biomarkers for breast cancer derived from NAF could be (1) as a detection tool to identify the initiation of the cancer development process, (2) as an additional tool next to imaging (mammography and breast magnetic resonance imaging) or (3) as a replacement tool for when imaging is not advisable for women, such as during pregnancy and breastfeeding. With this paper, we present a narrative review and perspectives of NAF research at a glance.

Abstract

Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is an intraductal mammary fluid that, because of its close proximity to and origin from the tissue from which breast cancer originates, is a promising source of biomarkers for early breast cancer detection. NAF can be non-invasively acquired via the nipple by aspiration using a suction device; using oxytocin nasal spray helps increase yield and tolerability. The aspiration procedure is generally experienced as more tolerable than the currently used breast imaging techniques mammography and breast magnetic resonance imaging. Future applications of NAF-derived biomarkers include their use as a tool in the detection of breast carcinogenesis at its earliest stage (before a tumor mass can be seen by imaging), or as a supporting diagnostic tool for imaging, such as when imaging is less reliable (to rule out false positives from imaging) or when imaging is not advisable (such as during pregnancy and breastfeeding). Ongoing clinical studies using NAF samples will likely shed light on NAF’s content and clinical potential. Here, we present a narrative review and perspectives of NAF research at a glance.
Keywords: liquid biopsy; nipple aspirate fluid; biomarkers; microRNAs; breast cancer liquid biopsy; nipple aspirate fluid; biomarkers; microRNAs; breast cancer

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Patuleia, S.I.S.; Suijkerbuijk, K.P.M.; van der Wall, E.; van Diest, P.J.; Moelans, C.B. Nipple Aspirate Fluid at a Glance. Cancers 2022, 14, 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010159

AMA Style

Patuleia SIS, Suijkerbuijk KPM, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Moelans CB. Nipple Aspirate Fluid at a Glance. Cancers. 2022; 14(1):159. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010159

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patuleia, Susana I. S., Karijn P. M. Suijkerbuijk, Elsken van der Wall, Paul J. van Diest, and Cathy B. Moelans. 2022. "Nipple Aspirate Fluid at a Glance" Cancers 14, no. 1: 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010159

APA Style

Patuleia, S. I. S., Suijkerbuijk, K. P. M., van der Wall, E., van Diest, P. J., & Moelans, C. B. (2022). Nipple Aspirate Fluid at a Glance. Cancers, 14(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14010159

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