Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 5 (S1P5) Deficiency Promotes Proliferation and Immortalization of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts
by
, , and
Franck Talmont
1,†
,
Elodie Mitri
2,†, 
Christine Dozier
2,
Arnaud Besson
2,
Olivier Cuvillier
1,* and
Anastassia Hatzoglou
1,2,* 1
Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31059 Toulouse, France
2
Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cancers 2022, 14(7), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071661
Submission received: 28 February 2022
/
Revised: 22 March 2022
/
Accepted: 23 March 2022
/
Published: 25 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Pathophysiology)
Simple Summary
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid metabolite involved in cell proliferation, survival or migration. S1P is a ligand for five high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5), which differ in their tissue distribution, and the specific effects of S1P depend on the suite of S1P receptor subtypes expressed. To date, information regarding the role of S1P5 in cell proliferation is limited and ambiguous. Our results suggest that, unlike other S1P receptors, the S1P5 receptor has an anti-proliferative function. We found that S1P5 deficiency promotes cell immortalization and proliferation by controlling the spatial activation of ERK.
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid, interacts with five widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5), regulating a variety of downstream signaling pathways with overlapping but also opposing functions. To date, data regarding the role of S1P5 in cell proliferation are ambiguous, and its role in controlling the growth of untransformed cells remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of S1P5 deficiency on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Our results indicate that lack of S1P5 expression profoundly affects cell morphology and proliferation. First, S1P5 deficiency reduces cellular senescence and promotes MEF immortalization. Second, it decreases cell size and leads to cell elongation, which is accompanied by decreased cell spreading and migration. Third, it increases proliferation rate, a phenotype rescued by the reintroduction of exogenous S1P5. Mechanistically, S1P5 promotes the activation of FAK, controlling cell spreading and adhesion while the anti-proliferative function of the S1P/S1P5 signaling is associated with reduced nuclear accumulation of activated ERK. Our results suggest that S1P5 opposes the growth-promoting function of S1P1-3 through spatial control of ERK activation and provides new insights into the anti-proliferative function of S1P5.
