How to Improve SBRT Outcomes in NSCLC: From Pre-Clinical Modeling to Successful Clinical Translation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Place of SBRT in the Treatment of NSCLC
2.1. Early-Stage NSCLC
2.2. Oligometastatic Disease
3. From Bench to Bedside: Pre-Clinical Models and Their Challenges
4. In Vitro Models
4.1. Cell Lines
4.2. Ex Vivo Tumor Models
4.3. In Vivo Models
4.3.1. Traditional Xenograft Models
4.3.2. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models
4.3.3. Syngeneic Immunocompetent Mouse Models
4.3.4. Orthotopic Mouse Models
4.3.5. Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs)
5. Discussion and Future Perspectives
5.1. Drug Combinations with SBRT
5.1.1. Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors
5.1.2. SMAC Mimetics
5.1.3. Other Immuno-Stimulatory Agents
5.2. Challenges
5.2.1. Dose and Fractionation
5.2.2. Sequence of Treatments
5.2.3. How Do We Predict Response?
5.2.4. SBRT-Related Treatment Toxicity
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Cell Line | Histology | Implantation Site | Animal Model |
---|---|---|---|---|
Raben et al. [45], McLemore et al. [46] | A549 | Adenocarcinoma | s.c. endo bronchial | BALB/cAnNCrlBR athymic (nu+/+) BALB/c or NMRI-nu/nu |
Akhtar et al. [47], Chen et al. [48], Wang et al. [49] | H1299 | Carcinoma | s.c | Athymic nude mice BALB/c nude |
Steiner et al. [50], McLemore et al. [46], Carter et al. [51], Yamori et al. [52] | NCI-H460 | Large cell carcinoma | s.c. endo bronchial | athymic nude (Ncr nu/nu) |
Steiner et al. [50] | H1975 | Adenocarcinoma | s.c. | Athymic nude (nu/nu) NMRI-nu/nu mice |
Yamori et al. [52] | NCI-H226 | Squamous cell carcinoma | s.c. | BALB/c nude SCID/SCID mice |
Akhtar et al. [47], Wang et al. [53] | HCC827 | Adenocarcinoma | s.c. orthotopic | Athymic nu/nu BALB/cA nude mice |
Lam et al. [54] | HCC4006 | Adenocarcinoma | s.c. | Nude BALB/cAnN-nu |
Zimonjic et al. [55], Steiner et al. [50], Lam et al. [54], Onn et al. [56] | NCI-H358 | Broncho alveolar carcinoma | s.c. orthotopic | Athymic nu/nu mice BALB/c nude Athymic nude |
Doki et al. [57], Mordant et al. [58] | LLC | Lewis Lung carcinoma | Orthotopic | C57BL/6 mice |
Yamori et al. [52] | NCI-H23 | Adenocarcinoma | s.c. | BALB/c nude mice |
Williams et al. [25] | TL-1 | Squamous cell carcinoma | s.c. | CB-17 scid/scid mice |
Takahoshi et al. [59] | NCI-H441 and H440 | Adenocarcinoma | Orthotopic | Athymic nude |
Models | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|
Cell line models (2D) | Easy and widely available wide range of tumor models | Fail to reproduce tumor heterogeneity Do not reflect original tumor biology |
Organoids | Simple Mass production Co-culture possible | Difficult long-term culture Low throughput |
Patient-derived tumor xenograft models (PDX) | Reproduce heterogeneity of human disease | Immune-deficient hosts Vasculature and stroma of murine origin Low implantation rate |
Humanized patient-derived xenografts | Robust human immune system engraftment Resemblance of tumors to human donor | Requires autologous immune reconstitution Residual mouse innate immunity Cost and infrastructure |
Syngeneic mouse models | Immunocompetent host Evaluation of targeted therapies and toxicity Good concordance in drug response Ease of manipulation Rapid growth and reproducible | Lack of native tumor microenvironment Lack of heterogeneity Few host strains Limited number of transplantable cell lines |
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs) | Study of the role of specific mutations in cancer development and progression Native microenvironment Variety of genetic backgrounds possible | Slow tumor development Simultaneous study of a limited number of genes Tumor and TME of murine origin Frequent multiple simultaneous tumors Breeding challenges |
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Milic, M.; Mondini, M.; Deutsch, E. How to Improve SBRT Outcomes in NSCLC: From Pre-Clinical Modeling to Successful Clinical Translation. Cancers 2022, 14, 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071705
Milic M, Mondini M, Deutsch E. How to Improve SBRT Outcomes in NSCLC: From Pre-Clinical Modeling to Successful Clinical Translation. Cancers. 2022; 14(7):1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071705
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilic, Marina, Michele Mondini, and Eric Deutsch. 2022. "How to Improve SBRT Outcomes in NSCLC: From Pre-Clinical Modeling to Successful Clinical Translation" Cancers 14, no. 7: 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071705