Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer and Liver Cirrhosis
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Factors Associated with Liver Cirrhosis Contributing to the Development of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer
2.1. Higher Prevalence of Gastric Erosions, Gastric Ulcers and Congestive Gastropathy in Cirrhotic Patients
2.2. Possible Contribution of Zinc Deficiency in Cirrhotic Patients to Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer
2.3. Alcohol Drinking and Tobacco Use in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhotic Patients Can Accelerate the Malignant Potentials of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
2.3.1. Alcoholic Drinking
2.3.2. Tobacco Smoking
2.4. The Oral–Gut–Liver Axis-Involved Microbiota in Cirrhotic Patients Contributes to the Development of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer
3. De Novo Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies in Recipients with Liver Cirrhosis after Liver Transplantation
4. Is the Risk of Surgical Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer in Patients with Advanced Liver Cirrhosis Higher?
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Possible Mechanism |
---|---|
Gastric erosion/ulcers, congestive gastropathy | chronic inflammation |
Zinc deficiency | antifibrotic pathway antioxidant and inflammatory pathway cytokines (interleukin-6) endotoxins on gut blood flow zinc influx transports, zinc transporter |
Alcohol consumption | tight junctions nuclear translocation of β catenin, ZONAB oxidative stress gene instability ADH ALDH ALDH2*-2 allele, ADH 1C*1/1 |
Tobacco use | ADH H. pylori |
Gut microbiota | Gut–liver axis TGF-β pathway genes chemokines gastrin, somatostatin toll-like receptor signaling pathway PDA enzymes NF-κB activation cellular apoptosis |
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Jeng, K.-S.; Chang, C.-F.; Sheen, I.-S.; Jeng, C.-J.; Wang, C.-H. Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer and Liver Cirrhosis. Cancers 2022, 14, 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092269
Jeng K-S, Chang C-F, Sheen I-S, Jeng C-J, Wang C-H. Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer and Liver Cirrhosis. Cancers. 2022; 14(9):2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092269
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeng, Kuo-Shyang, Chiung-Fang Chang, I-Shyan Sheen, Chi-Juei Jeng, and Chih-Hsuan Wang. 2022. "Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer and Liver Cirrhosis" Cancers 14, no. 9: 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14092269