Fractionated Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Significantly Improves Long-Term Survival
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tumor Model
2.2. Photodynamic Therapy Protocol
2.3. Measurement of the Oxygen Concentration in Tumors
2.4. Validation and Measurement of the Photofrin Concentration in Tumors
2.5. Macroscopic Singlet Oxygen Model for PDT
2.6. Photodynamic Therapy Efficiency Assessment
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Definition | Value |
---|---|---|
ξ (cm2s−1mW−1) | Specific oxygen consumption rate | 3.7 × 10−3 |
σ (μM−1) | Specific photobleaching ratio | 7.6 × 10−5 |
δ (μM) | Low-concentration correction | 33 |
β (μM) | Oxygen quenching threshold concentration | 11.9 |
g (μM/s) | Macroscopic oxygen maximum perfusion rate | 0.76 |
Groups | # of Mice | Treatment Schemes | In-Air Fluence Rate ‡ (mW/cm2) | [3O2]0 # (μM) | [S0]0 # (μM) | [S0]end ## (μM) | PDT Dose * (μMJ/cm2) | Mean [ROS]rx,cal (mM) | Mean [ROS]rx (mM) | LCR ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
1 | 8 | 400 s + 1400 s | 74.4 ± 2.9 | 48.4 ± 9.1 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 401.6 ± 103.2 | 0.89 ± 0.19 | 0.80 ± 0.24 | 0.25 ± 0.12 |
2 | 8 | 600 s + 1200 s | 73.5 ± 3.2 | 30.8 ± 5.6 | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 329.9 ± 83.2 | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 0.78 ± 0.19 | 0.25 ± 0.12 |
3 | 8 | 800 s + 1000 s | 75.5 ± 2.8 | 58.4 ± 12.4 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 328.2 ± 117.3 | 0.81 ± 0.18 | 0.82 ± 0.22 | 0.63 ± 0.12 |
4 | 7 | 1000 s + 800 s | 76.0 ± 3.0 | 47.3 ± 7.5 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 467.1 ± 73.5 | 0.96 ± 0.26 | 0.81 ± 0.29 | 0.57 ± 0.14 |
5 | 5 | 1200 s + 600 s | 75.8 ± 1.7 | 51.0 ± 10.4 | 7.1 ± 2.9 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 475.1 ± 92.6 | 0.97 ± 0.25 | 0.80 ± 0.26 | 0.40 ± 0.20 |
6 | 10 | 1800 s | 74.2 ± 2.6 | 57.4 ± 15.2 | 4.9 ± 2.0 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 317.5 ± 56.2 | 0.79 ± 0.24 | 0.71 ± 0.30 | 0.20 ± 0.10 |
7 | 7 | 800 s + 1600 s | 77.1 ± 2.8 | 52.7 ± 9.8 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 315.6 ± 93.4 | 0.82 ± 0.18 | 0.96 ± 0.22 | 0.43 ± 0.14 |
8 | 7 | 1000 s + 1400 s | 72.6 ± 3.1 | 50.6 ± 12.4 | 4.0 ± 1.6 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 339.0 ± 101.3 | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 0.94 ± 0.21 | 0.86 ± 0.14 |
9 | 8 | 1200 s + 1200 s | 73.8 ± 3.3 | 46.8 ± 10.2 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 403.1 ± 73.1 | 0.86 ± 0.17 | 0.92 ± 0.19 | 0.63 ± 0.12 |
10 | 7 | 1400 s + 1000 s | 74.1 ± 1.5 | 33.4 ± 8.9 | 4.6 ± 2.1 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 409.4 ± 83.6 | 0.88 ± 0.21 | 0.92 ± 0.27 | 0.57 ± 0.14 |
11 | 12 | 2400 s | 75.3 ± 2.0 | 42.0 ± 7.3 | 3.8 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 348.7 ± 38.5 | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.91 ± 0.20 | 0.25 ± 0.08 |
12 | 3 | 1400 s + 1600 s | 74.6 ± 1.1 | 49.0 ± 5.3 | 6.2 ± 2.2 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 705.9 ± 228.3 | 1.50 ± 0.10 | 1.15 ± 0.13 | 1.0 ± 0.3 *** |
13 | 2 | 3000 s | 75.3 ± 0.9 | 39.9 ± 3.6 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 508.0 ± 198.8 | 1.15 ± 0.13 | 1.07 ± 0.15 | 0.50 ± 0.50 |
Groups | # of Mice | Time (s) | [S0]0 (μM) | [S0]end (μM) | PDT Dose (μMJ/cm2) | Mean [ROS]rx (mM) | LCR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 7 | 400 s + 1400 s | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 318.4 ± 111.3 | 0.74 ± 0.20 | 0.14 ± 0.14 |
2 | 7 | 600 s + 1200 s | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 320.5 ± 72.4 | 0.73 ± 0.14 | 0.14 ± 0.14 |
3 | 7 | 800 s + 1000 s | 4.3 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 297.5 ± 113.9 | 0.76 ± 0.16 | 0.57 ± 0.14 |
4 | 5 | 1000 s + 800 s | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 459.4 ± 82.5 | 0.66 ± 0.18 | 0.40 ± 0.20 |
5 | 4 | 1200 s + 600 s | 6.3 ± 1.9 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 394.4 ± 79.9 | 0.71 ± 0.17 | 0.25 ± 0.25 |
6 | 8 | 1800 s | 4.5 ± 2.1 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 286.5 ± 62.6 | 0.59 ± 0.18 | 0.00 ± 0.12 |
7 | 5 | 800 s + 1600 s | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 222.8 ± 101.0 | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.20 ± 0.20 |
8 | 5 | 1000 s + 1400 s | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 308.0 ± 103.1 | 0.85 ± 0.16 | 0.80 ± 0.20 |
9 | 6 | 1200 s + 1200 s | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 381.7 ± 68.4 | 0.84 ± 0.15 | 0.50 ± 0.17 |
10 | 5 | 1400 s + 1000 s | 3.9 ± 2.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 380.2 ± 89.2 | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.40 ± 0.20 |
11 | 10 | 2400 s | 3.8 ± 1.9 | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 340.1 ± 47.1 | 0.86 ± 0.17 | 0.10 ± 0.10 |
12 | 1 | 1400 s + 1600 s | 4.1 | 2.4 | 606.5 ± 210.9 | 1.01 | 1.0 |
13 | 1 | 3000 s | 3.7 | 1.2 | 427.4 ± 202.7 | 0.96 | 0 |
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Sun, H.; Yang, W.; Ong, Y.; Busch, T.M.; Zhu, T.C. Fractionated Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Significantly Improves Long-Term Survival. Cancers 2023, 15, 5682. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15235682
Sun H, Yang W, Ong Y, Busch TM, Zhu TC. Fractionated Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Significantly Improves Long-Term Survival. Cancers. 2023; 15(23):5682. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15235682
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Hongjing, Weibing Yang, Yihong Ong, Theresa M. Busch, and Timothy C. Zhu. 2023. "Fractionated Photofrin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Significantly Improves Long-Term Survival" Cancers 15, no. 23: 5682. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15235682