The Impact of Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis on the Aetiology, Pathogenesis, and Development of Oral Cancer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Microbiome of the Oral Cavity
Role of Biofilm in the Development of Oral Cavity Cancer
3. Dysbiosis of the Oral Microbiota
3.1. Bacteria Essential for the Development of Oral Cavity Cancer
3.2. Viral Causes of Oral Cavity Carcinoma
3.2.1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
3.2.2. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
3.2.3. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
3.2.4. Immunologic Microenvironment and Therapeutic Implications
3.3. Role of Fungi in Oral Carcinoma
3.4. Role of Protozoa in Oral Carcinoma
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gram + Cocci | Gram + Bacilli | Gram − Cocci | Gram − Bacilli |
---|---|---|---|
Abiotrophia Peptostreptococcus Streptococcus | Actinomyces | Moraxella | Campylobacter |
Bifidobacterium | Neisseria | Capnocytophaga | |
Corynebacterium | Veillonella | Desulfobacter | |
Stomatococcus | Eubacterium | Desulfovibrio | |
Lactobacillus | Eikenella | ||
Propionibacterium | Fusobacterium | ||
Pseudoramibacter | Hemophilus | ||
Rothia | Leptotrichia | ||
Prevotella | |||
Selemonas | |||
Simonsiella | |||
Treponema | |||
Wolinella |
No. | Mechanisms by Which Biofilm Promotes the Formation of Cancer | Ref. |
---|---|---|
1. | Biofilm can directly affect the immune response of the host, thus creating a favorable environment for the development of cancer. | [66] |
2. | It can trigger chronic inflammation that leads to DNA damage and thus promotes the growth of cancer cells. | [82] |
3. | Bacteria inside the biofilm can secrete toxins that have carcinogenic effects. | [83] |
4. | Bacteria found in the tumor microenvironment (tumor microbiome) influence cancer progression. | [84] |
5. | Bacteria in the biofilm can significantly change the metabolism of the host. | [70] |
Bacteria | Oncogenic Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|
F. nucleatum P. gingivalis | Inducing infected cells to produce inflammatory cytokines or growth factors Induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition Increase in proliferation Establishment of a tumor-promoting immune environment induction of chemoresistance, Induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition Release of mutagenic substances Upregulation of cell survival factors Stimulation of cell invasion Suppression of antitumor immune response Initiation of tumor angiogenesis Enhancement of cellular stemness | [99,126] |
Parasite | Representation of Parasites in the Oral Cavity |
---|---|
Entamoeba gingivalis | Highly prevalent in people with diabetes |
Trichomonas tenax | Low in thyroid disorders Highly prevalent in people with hypertension |
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Talapko, J.; Erić, S.; Meštrović, T.; Stipetić, M.M.; Juzbašić, M.; Katalinić, D.; Bekić, S.; Muršić, D.; Flam, J.; Belić, D.; et al. The Impact of Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis on the Aetiology, Pathogenesis, and Development of Oral Cancer. Cancers 2024, 16, 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16172997
Talapko J, Erić S, Meštrović T, Stipetić MM, Juzbašić M, Katalinić D, Bekić S, Muršić D, Flam J, Belić D, et al. The Impact of Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis on the Aetiology, Pathogenesis, and Development of Oral Cancer. Cancers. 2024; 16(17):2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16172997
Chicago/Turabian StyleTalapko, Jasminka, Suzana Erić, Tomislav Meštrović, Marinka Mravak Stipetić, Martina Juzbašić, Darko Katalinić, Sanja Bekić, Dora Muršić, Josipa Flam, Dino Belić, and et al. 2024. "The Impact of Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis on the Aetiology, Pathogenesis, and Development of Oral Cancer" Cancers 16, no. 17: 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16172997