The Application of Liquid Biopsy for the Development and Validation of a Non-Invasive Screening and Diagnosis Test for Endometrial Premalignant and Malignant Lesions: A Prospective Innovative Pilot Study
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- POLE ultramutated: characterized by a high mutation rate due to alterations in the POLE gene, these tumors have a favorable prognosis.
- Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H): with high levels of microsatellite instability, often associated with Lynch syndrome, these tumors also tend to have a relatively good prognosis.
- Copy-number low: exhibit low levels of somatic copy-number alterations and are typically endometrioid and have intermediate outcomes.
- Copy-number high (serous-like): characterized by extensive copy-number alterations and TP53 mutations, these tumors are analogous to serous carcinomas and have the worst prognosis among the subgroups.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Recruitment
2.2. Liquid Biopsy Extraction
2.3. Tissue Biopsy Extraction
2.4. Libraries Preparation and Sequencing
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Genetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Name/Family | Genes | Function | Clinical Significance |
---|---|---|---|
PIK3 Pathway | PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PDK1, AKT1, PPP2R1A | PI3K pathway regulation, cell growth and metabolism | Frequent mutations in endometrial cancer, affecting tumor progression |
MMR Genes | MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM | Mismatch repair, maintaining genomic stability | Defects lead to microsatellite instability and high mutation burden |
Wnt Pathway | CTNNB1, APC, CSNK1G1 | Wnt signaling, cell adhesion and differentiation | Wnt pathway mutations contribute to tumor development |
Hippo Pathway | FAT1, FAT3, FAT4 | Hippo signaling, cell proliferation control | Hippo pathway mutations linked to aggressive tumors |
Notch Pathway | NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 | Notch pathway, cell fate determination | Notch pathway alterations affect cell communication and growth |
TGF-Beta Pathway | SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4 | TGF-beta signaling, cellular differentiation and apoptosis | TGF-beta pathway disruption leads to tumor progression |
DNA Damage Repair | BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, BARD1, NBN, MRE11 | DNA damage response and repair | Defects increase susceptibility to cancer and impact therapy response |
Chromatin Remodeling | ARID1A, ARID1B, SMARCA4, KMT2C, KMT2D, MED12, CTCF | Chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation | Alterations affect chromatin accessibility and gene regulation |
Growth Factor Signaling | FGFR2, PDGFRA, ERBB2, ERBB3, KIT, MET | Growth factor receptor signaling and oncogenic activation | Oncogenic activation promotes tumor aggressiveness |
Tumor Suppressors | TP53, PTEN, RB1, CDKN2A, ZFHX3 | Tumor suppression and cell cycle control | Loss of function leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation |
Other Oncogenes | KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MAPK1, MAP2K6, SPOP, FBXW7, STK11 | Oncogenic signaling and proliferation | Key oncogenic drivers affecting therapy response |
Additional Genes | BCL2, BCOR, ERBB3, LIN54, RNF43, HRAS, SMARCB1, HNF1A, FOXL2, TERT, CDH1, IMP3, FRMD8, CCNB2, ELF3, ENTPDS, KLF5, COROZA, PEX6, LAMB1, BRIP1, FANCM, STK11, MAPK1, SPOP, RB1, SMARCA4, KIAA1324 | Pathway-specific function | Mutation-driven alterations in endometrial cancer |
Histology | Number of Cases | Percentage (%) | Age, Mean | Dev. Std. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Endometrioid EC * | 35 | 55.8 | 61.8 | 10.6 |
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia (AEH) | 24 | 39.0 | 47.4 | 12.9 |
Sarcoma | 2 | 2.6 | 44.5 | 3.5 |
Type 2 non-endometrioid and estrogen-independent EC * | 2 | 2.6 | 74.04 | 4.2 |
Total | 63 | 100 | 56.0 | 11.1 |
Treatment | N | Mean Age | Dev. Std. | SEM * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Conservative | 13 | 30.6 | 5.4 | 2.4 |
Demolitive | 11 | 56.4 | 9.5 | 1.8 |
Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer | |||
---|---|---|---|
Grading | G1 32% (11/35) | G2 39% (14/35) | G3 28% (10/35) |
Miometrial invasion | <50% 65% (23/35) | >50% 35% (12/35) | |
Limphovascular invasion | No 64% (22/35) | Yes 36% (13/35) | |
Type of surgery | Laparoscopy 15% (5/35) | Laparotomy 25% (9/35) | Robotic assisted Laparoscopy 60% (21/35) |
Tumor Tissue: Mutation+ | Tumor Tissue: Mutation– | |
---|---|---|
ctDNA: Mutation+ | 41 (a) | 18 (b) |
ctDNA: Mutation− | 0 (c) | 4 (d) |
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Esposito, G.; D’Angelo, G.; De Falco, L.; Evangelista, E.; Savarese, G.; Fico, A.; Cinque, F.; Giampaolino, P.; Di Spiezio Sardo, A.; Bifulco, G.; et al. The Application of Liquid Biopsy for the Development and Validation of a Non-Invasive Screening and Diagnosis Test for Endometrial Premalignant and Malignant Lesions: A Prospective Innovative Pilot Study. Cancers 2025, 17, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071078
Esposito G, D’Angelo G, De Falco L, Evangelista E, Savarese G, Fico A, Cinque F, Giampaolino P, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Bifulco G, et al. The Application of Liquid Biopsy for the Development and Validation of a Non-Invasive Screening and Diagnosis Test for Endometrial Premalignant and Malignant Lesions: A Prospective Innovative Pilot Study. Cancers. 2025; 17(7):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071078
Chicago/Turabian StyleEsposito, Giuseppina, Giuseppe D’Angelo, Luigia De Falco, Eloisa Evangelista, Giovanni Savarese, Antonio Fico, Federica Cinque, Pierluigi Giampaolino, Attilio Di Spiezio Sardo, Giuseppe Bifulco, and et al. 2025. "The Application of Liquid Biopsy for the Development and Validation of a Non-Invasive Screening and Diagnosis Test for Endometrial Premalignant and Malignant Lesions: A Prospective Innovative Pilot Study" Cancers 17, no. 7: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071078
APA StyleEsposito, G., D’Angelo, G., De Falco, L., Evangelista, E., Savarese, G., Fico, A., Cinque, F., Giampaolino, P., Di Spiezio Sardo, A., Bifulco, G., & Della Corte, L. (2025). The Application of Liquid Biopsy for the Development and Validation of a Non-Invasive Screening and Diagnosis Test for Endometrial Premalignant and Malignant Lesions: A Prospective Innovative Pilot Study. Cancers, 17(7), 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071078