The Influence of the ZrO2 Crystal Phase on Cu/ZrO2-Al2O3 Catalysts in Methanol Steam Reforming
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Catalyst Activity for MSR
2.2. XRD Analysis
2.3. H2-TPR Analysis
2.4. BET Surface Area and ICP-AES Analysis
2.5. XPS and AES Analysis
2.6. TEM and HRTEM Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Materials
4.2. Synthesis of ZrO2-Al2O3
4.3. Synthesis of Cu/ZrO2-Al2O3
4.4. Catalyst Activity Study
4.5. Catalyst Characterizations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Catalyst | Cu Content a (wt%) | SBET b (m2·g−1) | VBJH c (cm3·g−1) | Dp d (nm) | Cu Dispersion e (%) | Cu Surface e Area (m2/gcat) | Cu Particle Size f (nm) | ZrO2 Particle Size f (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu/Zr-Al-1 | 5.1 | 116.4 | 0.38 | 12.7 | 4.63 | 5.40 | 35.8 | 16.0 |
Cu/Zr-Al-2 | 4.5 | 86.4 | 0.24 | 9.7 | 1.98 | 2.24 | 35.5 | 13.8 |
Cu/Zr-Al-3 | 5.1 | 106.7 | 0.39 | 13.6 | 7.42 | 8.48 | 31.0 | 16.6 |
Cu/Zr-Al-4 | 5.1 | 113.9 | 0.39 | 13.3 | 2.19 | 2.55 | 32.3 | 16.3 |
Cu/Zr-Al-5 | 4.7 | 117.6 | 0.40 | 13.0 | 2.01 | 2.35 | 26.9 | 17.2 |
Catalysts | Cu2+ (%) | Cu1+ and Cu0 (%) | Zr3+ (%) | Zr4+ (%) | OL a (%) | OS b (%) | Ov c | Ov d (mmol/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu/Zr-Al-1 | 21.0 | 79.0 | 87.7 | 12.3 | 70.4 | 29.6 | 0.296 | 0.102 |
Cu/Zr-Al-2 | 31.1 | 68.9 | 79.8 | 20.2 | 79.5 | 20.5 | 0.205 | 0.056 |
Cu/Zr-Al-3 | 10.7 | 89.3 | 89.1 | 10.9 | 65.8 | 34.2 | 0.342 | 0.136 |
Cu/Zr-Al-4 | 23.9 | 76.1 | 85.6 | 14.4 | 71.7 | 28.3 | 0.283 | 0.075 |
Cu/Zr-Al-5 | 25.5 | 74.5 | 83.2 | 16.8 | 74.6 | 25.4 | 0.254 | 0.063 |
Catalyst | Temperature (°C) | S/C a | Space-Time Ratio (h−1) | Conversion (%) | H2 Production Rate (μmol/gcat·s) | CO Selectivity (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZrO2-CeO2-Cu/KIT-6 | 300 | 2 | 2 (WHSV) | 96 | SH2 = 99.8% | 0.7 | [59] |
Cu/ZnO-3Al | 250 | 1 | 15.3 (WHSV) | 57.3 | - | 1.3 | [55] |
Cu/ZnAl-R10 | 225 | 1.3 | 6 (WHSV) | 67 | - | - | [60] |
1Cu/1Zr/AZ | 400 | 1.2 | 10.8 (WHSV) | 90.6 | 182.0 | 3.2 | [36] |
Cu/ASA1 | 300 | 0.5 | 1.8 (WHSV) | 91.0 | SH2 = 96.8% | 9.6 | [61] |
CuO-Al2O3 | 350 | 5 | 36,000(GHSV) | 72.2 | SH2 = 87.5% | 0.5 | [62] |
CuZnAl-5Mg | 200 | 1 | 3.84 (WHSV) | 70 | 47.2 | 1.0 | [63] |
Cu/ZnCeZrAl | 250 | 1.2 | 2.6 (WHSV) | 96.1 | - | 0.37 | [64] |
Cu-Ce/SBA-15 | 270 | 1.2 | 3 (WHSV) | 90.1 | - | 2.1 | [65] |
Cu/ZrO2-8Al203 | 300 | 1 | 9.9 (WHSV) | 84.5 | 98.7 | 1.5 | [32] |
Cu/Zr-Al-3 | 275 | 1 | 9.9 (WHSV) | 88.5 | 104.6 | 1.9 | This work |
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Song, M.; Li, L.; Wu, X.; Cai, H.; Li, G.; Hu, C. The Influence of the ZrO2 Crystal Phase on Cu/ZrO2-Al2O3 Catalysts in Methanol Steam Reforming. Catalysts 2024, 14, 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080480
Song M, Li L, Wu X, Cai H, Li G, Hu C. The Influence of the ZrO2 Crystal Phase on Cu/ZrO2-Al2O3 Catalysts in Methanol Steam Reforming. Catalysts. 2024; 14(8):480. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080480
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Mouxiao, Li Li, Xueshuang Wu, Haiqing Cai, Guiying Li, and Changwei Hu. 2024. "The Influence of the ZrO2 Crystal Phase on Cu/ZrO2-Al2O3 Catalysts in Methanol Steam Reforming" Catalysts 14, no. 8: 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14080480