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Catalysts, Volume 15, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 79 articles

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14 pages, 6556 KB  
Article
Promoting Effects of Acid Treatment on Catalytic Performance of K-Sepiolite Clay Fibers for Soot Oxidation
by Haizhen Li, Wensheng Yang, Jiateng Hu, Mengjiao Niu, Shengjian Qin, Zhigang Yang and Gang Yu
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100994 - 17 Oct 2025
Abstract
In this study, sepiolite clay fibers were activated through hydrochloric acid acidification at various concentrations. The effects of different acid environments on the phase structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties of the activated sepiolite fibers were studied extensively. It was found that calcite impurities [...] Read more.
In this study, sepiolite clay fibers were activated through hydrochloric acid acidification at various concentrations. The effects of different acid environments on the phase structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties of the activated sepiolite fibers were studied extensively. It was found that calcite impurities can be effectively removed when the acid concentration exceeds 1 M. Furthermore, the specific surface area of K-supported sepiolite fibers increases continuously with rising acid concentration, reaching 107.9 m2/g when the hydrochloric acid concentration is 7 M. The soot temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) results demonstrated that K-supported sepiolite fibers acidified with 3 M HCl exhibited the highest catalytic activity, with T10 and T50 values of 323 °C and 348 °C, respectively. The 10 wt% K-supported sepiolite paper catalyst, using 3 M HCl-activated sepiolite fibers as the matrix, exhibited the lowest T50 value of 436 °C and showed excellent stability compared to all other paper catalyst samples. This study on the activation of sepiolite-based catalysts under various acidic conditions advances the development of highly active and stable mineral catalytic materials and facilitates their practical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Catalysts for Efficient Energy and Environmental Catalysis)
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22 pages, 5079 KB  
Article
Naproxen Degradation Using NiO Synthesized via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis on Ni–Fe Foam by Ozone
by George Luis Morejón Aguila, Julia Liliana Rodríguez Santillán, Tatyana Poznyak, Yair Cruz Narváez, Héctor F. Mendoza León, Luis Lartundo Rojas, Claudia Jazmín Ramos Torres and José J. Castro Arellano
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100993 - 17 Oct 2025
Abstract
Naproxen (NPX), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is considered an emerging contaminant due to its persistence and potential environmental risks. In this study, NPX degradation was investigated through ozonation using nickel–iron foam (NiFeF) and NiO-modified NiFeF (NiO/NiFeF). The effect of the foam size was [...] Read more.
Naproxen (NPX), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is considered an emerging contaminant due to its persistence and potential environmental risks. In this study, NPX degradation was investigated through ozonation using nickel–iron foam (NiFeF) and NiO-modified NiFeF (NiO/NiFeF). The effect of the foam size was investigated using three configurations: S1 (1 cm × 2.5 cm), S2 (2 cm × 2.5 cm), and S3 (2 cm × 5 cm). Complete NPX removal was achieved in all systems, with degradation times of 4 min for ozonation alone, 2 min for NiFeF-S1, and 1 min for NiO/NiFeF-S2 and NiO/NiFeF-S3. The NiO/NiFeF catalyst was synthesized via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, resulting in a porous structure with abundant active sites. Compared with conventional ozonation, NiO/NiFeF-S1 improved the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate by 6.2-fold and maintained 87.5% of its activity after five reuse cycles, demonstrating excellent stability. High-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that catalytic ozonation generated fewer by-products (22 vs. 27 for ozonation alone) and promoted more selective pathways, including demethylation, ring-opening oxidation, and partial mineralization to CO2 and H2O. This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergy between NiO and NiFeF, which facilitates reactive oxygen species generation and electron transfer. These results demonstrate the potential of NiO/NiFeF as an efficient and stable catalyst for pharmaceutical removal from water. Full article
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17 pages, 3085 KB  
Article
Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous La2O3-Supported Ni Catalyst for Methane Dry Reforming
by Shoufu Li, Aizhong Ding, Wenchuan Zhang, Zhongdong Xie, Marco Petrangeli Papini, Yuanyan Xuan and Hongguang Zheng
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100992 - 17 Oct 2025
Abstract
Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) La2O3-supported Ni catalysts exhibit outstanding performance for methane dry reforming (DRM). The 5Ni/La2O3-3DOM catalyst achieves 79% CH4 and 84% CO2 conversions at 800 °C under the reaction conditions of [...] Read more.
Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) La2O3-supported Ni catalysts exhibit outstanding performance for methane dry reforming (DRM). The 5Ni/La2O3-3DOM catalyst achieves 79% CH4 and 84% CO2 conversions at 800 °C under the reaction conditions of atmospheric pressure, CH4:CO2 molar ratio of 1:1, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) = 36,000 mL·gcat−1·h−1, outperforming its counterparts (5Ni/La2O3-PP prepared by means of co-precipitation and 5Ni/La2O3-GNC prepared by means of glycine–nitrate combustion) by 15–20%. Long-term stability tests at 700 °C (same CH4:CO2 ratio and GHSV as above) show that the 5Ni/La2O3-3DOM catalyst maintains CH4 and CO2 conversions at approximately 80% and 85%, respectively, with zero deactivation over 50 h. Meanwhile, its carbon deposition rate plummets to 1.1 mg·g−1·h−1, which is 75% lower than that of the precipitation-derived 5Ni/La2O3-PP catalyst. This excellent performance stems from the synergy of nano-confined Ni particles (11.2 nm in crystallite size after reduction) and abundant surface oxygen species (38 μmol·g−1), establishing 3DOM La2O3 as a superior anti-coking support platform for scalable H2 production via DRM. Full article
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12 pages, 2224 KB  
Article
Tannic Acid-Induced Morphological and Electronic Tuning of Metal–Organic Frameworks Toward Efficient Oxygen Evolution
by Sivalingam Gopi, Mani Durai and Kyusik Yun
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100991 (registering DOI) - 16 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study presents a novel dual-temperature synthesis strategy for cobalt, zinc, and iron-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) integrated with tannic acid (TA) surface modification to enhance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. MOFs were synthesized at room temperature and 80 °C, enabling controlled crystal growth [...] Read more.
This study presents a novel dual-temperature synthesis strategy for cobalt, zinc, and iron-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) integrated with tannic acid (TA) surface modification to enhance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. MOFs were synthesized at room temperature and 80 °C, enabling controlled crystal growth and distinct morphologies. Subsequent TA treatment effectively tuned surface chemistry without altering core crystallinity, as confirmed by PXRD, FT-IR, and XPS analyses. Surface modification introduced oxygen-containing functional groups, improved charge transfer, and increased active-site accessibility. Among the catalysts, the tannic acid-modified Fe-based MOF synthesized at 80 °C (TAFeM-2) exhibited outstanding OER activity, achieving an overpotential of only 254 mV at 10 mA cm−2, outperforming benchmark RuO2 (276 mV) and unmodified counterparts. Tafel slope analysis revealed faster reaction kinetics for surface-tuned MOFs, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated reduced charge-transfer resistance (12 Ω for TAFeM-2). Chronoamperometry demonstrated exceptional long-term stability, maintaining constant current density over 20 h with minimal performance loss. Post-OER characterization suggested surface oxidation to iron oxyhydroxides without significant structural degradation. This work demonstrates that combining dual-temperature synthesis with TA surface engineering yields MOF-based catalysts with superior activity, conductivity, and durability, offering a promising pathway for developing high-performance electrocatalysts for sustainable energy applications. Full article
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22 pages, 1725 KB  
Article
Exploration of Novel Extracellular Xylanase-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Plant Sources
by Noor Lutphy Ali, Hooi Ling Foo, Norhayati Ramli, Murni Halim and Karkaz M. Thalij
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100990 - 16 Oct 2025
Abstract
Xylanases play a crucial role in bio-transforming sustainable agricultural polymers into xylose-based oligosaccharides, which have great potential in various biotechnology applications. Nevertheless, the application of bacterial xylanase is hindered by the high cost of developing recombinant bacteria to overcome the low activity and [...] Read more.
Xylanases play a crucial role in bio-transforming sustainable agricultural polymers into xylose-based oligosaccharides, which have great potential in various biotechnology applications. Nevertheless, the application of bacterial xylanase is hindered by the high cost of developing recombinant bacteria to overcome the low activity and narrow pH stability. Considerable efforts have been made to discover and explore new wild bacterial strains that produce highly effective and environmentally sustainable extracellular xylanase enzymes for various targeted biotechnological and industrial applications. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have recently been proven to be versatile producers of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and characterise extracellular xylanase-producing LAB (EXLAB) from plant sources. The specific extracellular xylanase activity was determined across a wide pH range, from acidic to alkaline. Subsequently, the expression of xylanase genes of EXLAB grown under acidic and alkaline conditions was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A total of 45 putative LAB were isolated from radish, gundelia and rhubarb plants. They were identified by phenotypic and genotypic approaches. However, only 15 LAB isolates were confirmed as EXLAB. Weissella confusa and Pediococcus pentosaceus were the most common species among the identified EXLAB. The XylW (~196 bp) and XylP (189 bp) xylanase genes were then amplified from W. confusa and P. pentosaceus, respectively. P. pentosaceus G4 demonstrated the most versatile extracellular xylanase production that was active from pH 5 to pH 8. However, a significant increase in extracellular xylanase gene expression (13.45-fold) at pH 5 was noted as compared to pH 8. Similarly, P. pentosaceus G4 also exhibited the highest extracellular xylanase activity (0.88 U/mg) at pH 5. This study reveals the potential of P. pentosaceus G4 as an eco-friendly and novel extracellular xylanase producer possessing broad pH stability. The robust gene expression and activity of extracellular xylanase imply P. pentosaceus G4 is a promising candidate for sustainable enzymatic processes essential for the environmentally friendly enzymatic reactions and applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biocatalysis)
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15 pages, 12491 KB  
Article
Effects of Sodium-to-OSDA Ratio in the Synthesis Gel on SSZ-39 Formation and Material Properties
by Zheng Cui, Charles E. Umhey, Daniel F. Shantz and Jean-Sabin McEwen
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100989 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 22
Abstract
This work quantifies how varying the Na/OSDA ratio in the synthesis gel (at fixed total [OH] content) affects the formation of SSZ-39, its growth kinetics, and the composition of the products obtained. It was found that it is possible to make phase-pure SSZ-39 [...] Read more.
This work quantifies how varying the Na/OSDA ratio in the synthesis gel (at fixed total [OH] content) affects the formation of SSZ-39, its growth kinetics, and the composition of the products obtained. It was found that it is possible to make phase-pure SSZ-39 with Si/Al ratios varying from 6.3 to 10.7 with Na/OSDA ratios from 9.1 to 1.7 in the synthesis gel. Higher Na/OSDA ratios lead to faster crystallization, supporting the hypothesis that FAU dissolution is the rate-limiting step in SSZ-39 synthesis when FAU serves as the aluminum source. DFT modeling suggests that, in the presence of OSDA molecules, increased Na content lowers the energy penalty for placing Al atoms in close proximity, which may explain why higher NaOH/OSDA ratios experimentally yield lower Si:Al ratios. This work offers another way to control the framework composition and potentially impact the local structure of the SSZ-39 that is obtained. Cobalt titration was performed to probe the presence of so-called aluminum pairs in samples made with different Na/OSDA ratios. The cobalt uptake in the H-form products is consistently low and suggests that factors other than aluminum pairing, such as solution pH, could be important in influencing the cobalt uptake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Predictive Modeling in Catalysis)
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25 pages, 3623 KB  
Article
Fusarium proliferatum PSA-3 Produces Xylanase-Aggregate to Degrade Complex Arabinoxylan
by Kanlaya Thattha, Lakha Salaipeth, Saengchai Akeprathumchai, Ken-Lin Chang, Takashi Watanabe and Paripok Phitsuwan
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100988 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 49
Abstract
Xylanolytic enzymes of the Fusarium species are closely associated with pathogenesis, where they soften plant cell walls to facilitate infection and nutrient uptake. This study investigated the xylanolytic system of Fusarium proliferatum PSA-3, a strain isolated from mango leaves showing dark spot symptoms. [...] Read more.
Xylanolytic enzymes of the Fusarium species are closely associated with pathogenesis, where they soften plant cell walls to facilitate infection and nutrient uptake. This study investigated the xylanolytic system of Fusarium proliferatum PSA-3, a strain isolated from mango leaves showing dark spot symptoms. When cultivated on rice straw under solid-state fermentation, PSA-3 produced high xylanase activity against rye arabinoxylan (50.2 U) and beechwood xylan (56.8 U). Partial purification by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography yielded a large xylanase aggregate (158 kDa), which appeared as a smear at the top of the gel under native conditions. Mild denaturation resolved the aggregate into at least four active proteins of ~25, 35, 48, and 63 kDa, indicating that multiple xylanases assemble into a functional aggregate. The aggregate retained activity across pH 4.0–8.0, with an optimum at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, and was resistant to Ni2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and β-mercaptoethanol, but inhibited by SDS. Hydrolysis of xylo-oligosaccharides (DP 2–6), purified xylans, and plant-derived xylans confirmed predominantly endo-type action with debranching activity toward A2XX and A2,3XX. These findings reveal a natural xylanase aggregate in F. proliferatum, providing a potential mechanism for efficient degradation of arabinoxylan-rich cell walls and offering targets for antifungal strategies and biotechnological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Catalysts: The Future of Enzyme Biocatalysis)
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17 pages, 9921 KB  
Article
Investigating the Impact of Incorporating Alkali Metal Cations on the Properties of ZSM-5 Zeolites in the Methanol Conversion into Hydrocarbons
by Senlin Dong, Jie Yang and Benoit Louis
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100987 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
Alkali metal-modified M-ZSM-5 zeolites (M: Li+, Na+, K+) were synthesized by cationic exchange and characterized using ICP-MS, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, Py-IR and NH3-TPD techniques to evaluate their elemental composition, structure, textural and acidic properties. [...] Read more.
Alkali metal-modified M-ZSM-5 zeolites (M: Li+, Na+, K+) were synthesized by cationic exchange and characterized using ICP-MS, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, Py-IR and NH3-TPD techniques to evaluate their elemental composition, structure, textural and acidic properties. In addition, XPS and DFT calculations were employed to study the effects of metal ion doping on the electronic structure and catalytic behavior. The latter catalytic performance was assessed in the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction. The results showed that alkali metal doping facilitated the enhancement of the zeolite structural stability, adjustment of acid density, and increase in the adsorption energy of light olefins onto the active sites. During the reaction, olefin products shifted from Brønsted acid sites to alkali metal sites, effectively minimizing hydrogen transfer reactions. This change in the active site nature promoted the olefin cycle, resulting in higher yields in propylene and butylenes, reduced coke deposition, and prolonged catalyst lifetime. Among all zeolites, Li-exchanged ZSM-5 exhibited the best and extending the catalyst lifetime by 5 h. Full article
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20 pages, 2047 KB  
Article
Immobilization and Catalytic Properties of Limonene-1,2-Epoxide Hydrolase
by Katarína Kaniaková, Helena Hronská, Tatiana Petrovičová, Martin Rebroš, Michal Rosenberg and Vladimír Štefuca
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100986 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
In this work, limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase (LEH) from Rhodococcus erythropolis was immobilized on Immobead 150P and various Purolite® methacrylate-based carriers, and subsequently applied in the hydrolysis of cis-/trans-(+)-limonene-1,2-epoxide. The immobilization efficiency was assessed based on the recovery of activity and [...] Read more.
In this work, limonene-1,2-epoxide hydrolase (LEH) from Rhodococcus erythropolis was immobilized on Immobead 150P and various Purolite® methacrylate-based carriers, and subsequently applied in the hydrolysis of cis-/trans-(+)-limonene-1,2-epoxide. The immobilization efficiency was assessed based on the recovery of activity and the immobilization yield. The best results were observed when LEH was immobilized on Purolite LifetechTM ECR8309M modified with glutaraldehyde and 1,4-diaminobutane, yielding a specific activity of 60.5 U·g−1. The optimal temperature for enzymatic reaction increased from 40 °C (free LEH) to 60 °C following immobilization. Thermal inactivation studies revealed that the free LEH followed a simple aggregation mechanism, whereas the immobilized form conformed to a two-step deactivation model, involving an initial reversible equilibrium followed by an irreversible inactivation step. When applied in 10 reaction cycles at 30 °C the immobilized biocatalyst retained 62% of the initial activity in the presence of 10% (v/v) acetonitrile and 75% in its absence. At temperatures up to 60 °C, immobilized LEH appeared very stable, retaining more than 80% of activity at 60 °C after 6 reaction cycles. This study improves our understanding of the inactivation mechanism of LEH, and the results highlight covalent immobilization as a promising method for the thermal stabilization of LEH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme and Biocatalysis Application)
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14 pages, 2892 KB  
Article
Boosting Green Hydrogen Production—Energy Savings in Alkaline Water Electrolysis Using Synergy of Magnetic Field and In Situ Activation of Electrodes
by Milica P. Marceta Kaninski, Sladjana Lj. Maslovara, Jovana G. Protic, Dejana P. Popovic, Danilo Lj. Vujosevic, Zeljka M. Nikolic and Vladimir M. Nikolic
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100985 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
This study focuses on enhancing the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis technology, a key process in green hydrogen production, by leveraging the synergy of magnetic fields and in situ electrode activation. Optimizing AWE efficiency is essential to meet increasing demands for sustainable energy [...] Read more.
This study focuses on enhancing the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis technology, a key process in green hydrogen production, by leveraging the synergy of magnetic fields and in situ electrode activation. Optimizing AWE efficiency is essential to meet increasing demands for sustainable energy solutions. In this research, nickel mesh electrodes were modified through the application of magnetic fields and the addition of hypo-hyper d-metal (cobalt complexes and molybdenum salt) to the electrolyte. These enhancements improve mass transfer, facilitate bubble detachment, and create a high-surface-area catalytic layer on the electrodes, all of which lead to improved hydrogen evolution rates. The integration of magnetic fields and in situ activation achieved over 35% energy savings, offering a cost-effective and scalable pathway for industrial green hydrogen production. Full article
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32 pages, 4896 KB  
Review
Catalyst Design and Engineering for Enhanced Microplastic Degradation and Upcycling—A Review
by Chunxiang Zhu, Ge Zeng and Pu-Xian Gao
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100984 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 403
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), defined as synthetic polymer particles ranging from 1 μm to 5 mm, originate from various sources, including synthetic textiles, tire wear, degraded plastic waste, etc. Their small size and chemical stability make them challenging to remove, collect and degrade, posing significant [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs), defined as synthetic polymer particles ranging from 1 μm to 5 mm, originate from various sources, including synthetic textiles, tire wear, degraded plastic waste, etc. Their small size and chemical stability make them challenging to remove, collect and degrade, posing significant adverse effects to both ecosystems and human health. While efforts to develop sustainable alternatives and removal methods are ongoing, effective solutions remain limited. Catalytic degradation and upcycling present a promising route to mitigate MP pollution by enabling efficient breakdown into less harmful molecules and potential upcycling into valuable products with lower energy requirements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in catalyst design and development specifically for MP degradation, highlighting photochemical, thermal, biological, electrochemical, and hybrid approaches. Key challenges, reaction mechanisms, and future directions are discussed, offering a timely reference for researchers in this emerging field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in "Industrial Catalysis" Section, 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 1755 KB  
Article
Pomegranate Peel Derived-Carbon for Highly Efficient Palladium-Based Catalysts for Acetylene Hydrochlorination
by Zonglin Li, Lu Wang, Haijun Yan, Jindou Liu, Shahid Ali, Chao Yang, Ronglan Wu, Jide Wang, Yana Wei, Hui Sun and Changhai Liang
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100983 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
A series of porous carbons (PPC) derived from pomegranate peel were synthesized as catalyst supports for Pd/PPC catalysts via hydrothermal-carbonization and incipient wetness impregnation in an acetylene hydrochlorination reaction. The optimal Pd/PPC (500) catalyst with more than 99% of acetylene conversion and vinyl [...] Read more.
A series of porous carbons (PPC) derived from pomegranate peel were synthesized as catalyst supports for Pd/PPC catalysts via hydrothermal-carbonization and incipient wetness impregnation in an acetylene hydrochlorination reaction. The optimal Pd/PPC (500) catalyst with more than 99% of acetylene conversion and vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) selectivity was obtained using an orthogonal experimental design (OED) and single-factor experiments. Based on the catalytic performance and characterization of the Pd/PPC catalyst, the deactivation mechanism of the catalysts, which was attributed to carbon deposition on the catalysts’ surface, and the loss of active Pd species have been studied, which provides insights for the rational design of high-performance biomass-based acetylene hydrochlorination catalysts. Full article
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19 pages, 3140 KB  
Article
A Novel Scaffold for Tick Management: Binding of Carbamoyl Carboxylic Acid Analogues to Arginine Kinase
by Jose F. Rojas-Cabeza, Elena N. Moreno-Cordova, Andrés Álvarez-Armenta, Christian L. Castro-Riquelme, Adriana Muhlia-Almazan, Alonso A. Lopez-Zavala, Hisila Santacruz-Ortega, Adrián Ochoa-Terán and Rogerio R. Sotelo-Mundo
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100982 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 251
Abstract
Ticks transmit diseases and harm animals worldwide, and their control primarily relies on pesticides. Resistance to these pesticides has developed consistently over centuries. Arginine Kinase (AK, EC 2.7.3.3) is a conserved, ancestral enzyme that provides reserve energy in emergency situations and a viable [...] Read more.
Ticks transmit diseases and harm animals worldwide, and their control primarily relies on pesticides. Resistance to these pesticides has developed consistently over centuries. Arginine Kinase (AK, EC 2.7.3.3) is a conserved, ancestral enzyme that provides reserve energy in emergency situations and a viable target for novel antiparasitic drugs. Our aim was to evaluate six carbamoyl carboxylic acid analogues (CCAs) as potential lead compounds by investigating their interaction with the active site of Rhipicephalus sanguineus AK (RsAK) using a structural modeling approach. The binding was characterized using fluorescence quenching (Stern–Volmer analysis) and molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations, performed with GROMACS using the CHARMM 26 force field over 100 ns, provided atomic-level insight into the ligand–protein interactions and stability. CCA4 exhibited the lowest dissociation constant (KD~13·10−6 M) among the analogues, which we attribute to its end moieties (carboxylate and a pyridine on the ends). Purely aromatic ends (CCA1) or those with dual carboxylates (CCA6) showed lower affinity, suggesting that electrostatic complementarity and steric fit are processes involved in the binding. Despite requiring optimization, the CCA scaffold represents a novel strategy for tick control. These compounds provide a foundation for developing synergistic agents to enhance the efficacy of sustainable acaricides. Full article
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41 pages, 3425 KB  
Review
Catalytic Nanomaterials for Soil and Groundwater Remediation: Global Research Trends (2010–2024)
by Motasem Y. D. Alazaiza, Tharaa M. Alzghoul, Madhusudhan Bangalore Ramu and Dia Eddin Nassani
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100981 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 217 publications on nanomaterials for soil and groundwater remediation, sourced from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to 2024. The findings highlight significant contributions from various countries, with India identified as the leading [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 217 publications on nanomaterials for soil and groundwater remediation, sourced from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2010 to 2024. The findings highlight significant contributions from various countries, with India identified as the leading contributor, followed by China and the United States. This reflects robust international collaboration in addressing environmental contamination. The analysis also identifies influential journals in this field, particularly “Science of the Total Environment” and “Environmental Science and Technology”, which are recognized for their high citation impact and play a crucial role in disseminating research findings and advancing knowledge in nanomaterials for environmental remediation. A keyword co-occurrence analysis reveals six distinct clusters that emphasize critical research themes. The first cluster focuses on environmental toxicity, underscoring the risks posed by contaminants, particularly heavy metals and emerging pollutants such as PFAS, highlighting the need for advanced monitoring strategies. The second cluster showcases innovative nanoremediation technologies, particularly zero-valent iron (nZVI) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are noted for their effectiveness in pollutant removal despite challenges like surface passivation and high production costs. The third cluster addresses heavy metals and phytoremediation, advocating integrated strategies that enhance crop resilience while managing soil contamination. The fourth cluster explores photocatalysis and advanced oxidation processes, demonstrating how nanomaterials can enhance pollutant degradation through light-activated catalytic methods. The fifth cluster emphasizes adsorption mechanisms for specific contaminants, such as arsenic and pharmaceuticals, suggesting targeted remediation strategies. Finally, the sixth cluster highlights the potential of nanomaterials in agriculture, focusing on their role in improving soil fertility and supporting plant growth. Overall, while nanomaterials demonstrate significant potential for effective environmental remediation, they also pose risks that necessitate careful consideration and further research. Future studies should prioritize optimizing these materials for practical applications, addressing both environmental health and agricultural productivity. Full article
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13 pages, 1060 KB  
Article
Reaction Mechanisms of Aqueous Methane Reforming by Continuous Flow Two-Phase Plasma Discharge
by Ekow Agyekum-Oduro, Md. Mokter Hossain, Ahmad Mukhtar and Sarah Wu
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100980 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
This study explores nonthermal plasma reactions of methane and water in a two-phase system to produce methanol, examining reaction pathways, kinetics, and product distribution over time. The results show that methanol is the dominant liquid phase product among other oxygenates, including ethanol and [...] Read more.
This study explores nonthermal plasma reactions of methane and water in a two-phase system to produce methanol, examining reaction pathways, kinetics, and product distribution over time. The results show that methanol is the dominant liquid phase product among other oxygenates, including ethanol and acetic acid, with hydrogen as the largest fraction among gas-phase products comprising carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ethylene, and acetylene. Conductivity and pH trends of reactant water and their influence on reaction products were also analyzed. Methanol was found to be formed principally from the reactive coupling of methyl and hydroxyl radicals, as well as from methoxy and hydrogen radical combinations. Hydrogen was produced from three pathways: stepwise dehydrogenation of methane through electron-mediated hydrogen abstraction, sequential hydrogenation of ethane to acetylene, and water splitting. The methanol-yielding reactions proceeded at different rates in the liquid and gas phases, with gas-phase reactions occurring approximately nine times faster than the liquid-phase reactions. This work provides valuable insights into reaction pathways for direct methane conversion to oxygenates and value-added gas products under mild conditions using water as an environmentally friendly oxidant. Full article
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16 pages, 743 KB  
Article
Snail (Helix pomatia) Shells as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis
by Eglė Sendžikienė, Gediminas Gokas, Ieva Gaidė, Milda Gumbytė, Kiril Kazancev and Violeta Makarevičienė
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100979 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 289
Abstract
Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional diesel. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production is promising, as it is easier to separate them from the product than homogeneous ones. It was determined that the calcined grape snail (Helix pomatia) shells [...] Read more.
Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional diesel. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production is promising, as it is easier to separate them from the product than homogeneous ones. It was determined that the calcined grape snail (Helix pomatia) shells show good catalytic efficiency in the rapeseed oil transesterification process with methanol. It was determined that the CaO concentration in calcined grape snail (Helix pomatia) shells was 97.74 ± 0.12%. Using the response surface methodology, the biodiesel production process was optimized. The influence of the interaction of independent variables and optimal conditions for the synthesis of rapeseed oil methyl ester was determined: an alcohol-to-oil molar ratio of 10.6:1, a catalyst concentration of 5.7 wt%, and a reaction duration of 7.8 h at a temperature of 64 °C. The physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel at optimal process conditions are presented, and their compliance with the requirements of the biodiesel standard is discussed. The produced biodiesel using snail shells, which are food processing waste, meets the requirements of the standard and can be used in diesel engines during the summer period. Full article
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20 pages, 1739 KB  
Review
MOF-Based Catalysts for Thermal Hydrogenation of CO2 to HCOOH: A Review
by Zechen Ye, Wenxuan Xie and Hongyan Chen
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100978 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 322
Abstract
The CO2 emission issue has raised global concern as the sea level increase it caused can threaten human activity. The utilization of CO2 as a building block for value-added chemicals can be an effective approach for the mitigation of the greenhouse [...] Read more.
The CO2 emission issue has raised global concern as the sea level increase it caused can threaten human activity. The utilization of CO2 as a building block for value-added chemicals can be an effective approach for the mitigation of the greenhouse effect. As one of the potential valuable products, formic acid (HCOOH) has been recognized as an effective hydrogen carrier. For thermal CO2-to-HCOOH conversion, molecular catalysts and metal nanoparticles are prominent choices for the initial conversion. The conventional catalyst substrates have been shown to have issues of deactivation and product selectivity. The metal–organic framework (MOF), as a novel catalyst substrate, showcases its potential for solving the problem. Herein, this review intends to provide an overview of recent progress of metal nanoparticles and molecular catalysts stabilized by conventional catalyst substrates and MOFs for thermal CO2-to-HCOOH conversion, including perspectives on further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Catalytic Conversion and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy)
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25 pages, 6760 KB  
Article
Hybrid PK-P/Fe3O4 Catalyst Derived from Pumpkin Peel (Bio-Waste) for Synozol Red KHL Dye Oxidation Under Photo-Fenton Reaction
by M. M. Nour, Maha A. Tony, Mai K. Fouad and Hossam A. Nabwey
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100977 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 422
Abstract
This study introduces a novel photocatalyst derived from pumpkin peel bio-waste, calcined at 200 °C and incorporated with magnetite nanoparticles to form a hybrid PK-P/Fe3O4 catalyst. The material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), and scanning [...] Read more.
This study introduces a novel photocatalyst derived from pumpkin peel bio-waste, calcined at 200 °C and incorporated with magnetite nanoparticles to form a hybrid PK-P/Fe3O4 catalyst. The material was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping to confirm its structure and elemental distribution. The catalyst was applied for the photo-Fenton degradation of Synozol Red KHL dye under natural solution conditions (pH 5.7). Optimal parameters were achieved with a 20 mg/L catalyst and 200 mg/L H2O2, resulting in complete dye removal within 25 min of irradiation. The PK-P/Fe3O4 catalyst exhibited excellent reusability, retaining 72% removal efficiency after 10 successive cycles. Kinetic analysis confirmed a first-order model, while thermodynamic evaluation revealed a non-spontaneous, endothermic process with a low activation energy barrier, indicating energy-efficient dye degradation. These findings highlight the potential of bio-waste-derived PK-P/Fe3O4 as a sustainable, low-cost, and highly effective catalyst for treating dye-polluted wastewater under photo-Fenton conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmentally Friendly Catalysis for Green Future)
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12 pages, 1839 KB  
Article
Study of the Reaction Pathways for the Hydrogenation of Quinoline over Nickel Phosphide Catalysts
by Yuan Qiao, Chunming Xu, Zhao Lv, Yuan Zhao and Peng Huang
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100976 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 312
Abstract
Nickel phosphide catalysts (Ni2P) were prepared using mesoporous molecular sieves as supports during isobaric co-impregnation. Ni2P catalysts with different loading values were characterized, showing that the active phase on the surface of the catalysts was mainly Ni2P [...] Read more.
Nickel phosphide catalysts (Ni2P) were prepared using mesoporous molecular sieves as supports during isobaric co-impregnation. Ni2P catalysts with different loading values were characterized, showing that the active phase on the surface of the catalysts was mainly Ni2P and the catalysts still retained the mesoporous structural characteristics of the supports. The catalysts were evaluated using a 10 mL fixed-bed hydrogenation unit. The results showed that the nickel phosphide catalysts had a higher hydrogenation capacity than the sulfide catalysts and were able to preferentially hydrogenate and saturate most of the quinolines to decahydroquinolines, reduce the conversion of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline to o-propylaniline, and reduce the inhibition of reactivity due to competitive adsorption. The effect of the catalyst on the path selectivity of quinoline hydrogenation was investigated, and the products of quinoline hydrogenation and denitrogenation consisted mainly of propylbenzene and propylcyclohexane, with propylcyclohexane accounting for 91.7% of the product and propylbenzene for 4.8%, under the conditions of nickel phosphide catalysts. Furthermore, the 25 wt% Ni2P/SBA-15 catalyst exhibited no significant loss of catalytic activity during a 72 h stability evaluation conducted at 360 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)
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17 pages, 438 KB  
Review
Research Progress in the Biocatalytic Conversion of Various Biomass Feedstocks for Terpenoid Production via Microbial Cell Factories
by Jingying Zhang, Ruijie Chen, Li Deng, Huan Liu and Fang Wang
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100975 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 405
Abstract
Terpenoids, as a class of natural products with extensive biological activities, hold broad application prospects in the fields of medicine, food, materials, and energy, with the global market scale projected to reach USD 10 billion by 2030. Traditional chemical synthesis and plant extraction [...] Read more.
Terpenoids, as a class of natural products with extensive biological activities, hold broad application prospects in the fields of medicine, food, materials, and energy, with the global market scale projected to reach USD 10 billion by 2030. Traditional chemical synthesis and plant extraction methods rely on petroleum and plant resources, suffering from problems such as environmental pollution, cumbersome procedures, low yields from plant sources, enantioselectivity, geographical constraints, and competition for resources. Biocatalytic conversion of biomass feedstocks via microbial cell factories serves as an environmentally friendly alternative for the synthesis of terpenoids, but current production mostly depends on starch-based glucose, which triggers issues of food security and competition for arable land and water resources. This review focuses on the biocatalytic conversion of non-food alternative carbon sources (namely lignocellulose, acetate, glycerol, and waste oils) in the microbial synthesis of terpenoids, systematically summarizing the current research status and cutting-edge advances. These carbon sources exhibit potential for sustainable production due to their low cost, wide availability, and ability to reduce resource competition, but they also face significant technical bottlenecks. We systematically analyze the current problems in the biocatalytic conversion process and put forward some available solutions. It is hoped that this study will provide theoretical and technical suggestions for breaking through the bottlenecks in the biocatalytic conversion of non-food carbon sources and promoting the efficient and sustainable production of terpenoids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Enzymatic Processes for Fine Chemicals and Biodiesel)
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13 pages, 2076 KB  
Article
Study on the Effect of Precious Metal Loading and Pt/Pd Ratio on Gaseous Pollutant Emissions from Diesel Engines
by Kun Shao, Heng Wu and Yantao Zou
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100974 - 12 Oct 2025
Viewed by 424
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the influence of catalyst formulation parameters (precious metal loading and Pt/Pd ratio) in diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs)+catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF)+selective catalytic reduction (SCR) on gaseous pollutant emissions from diesel engines. Results indicate that under varying conditions, the impact [...] Read more.
This study systematically investigated the influence of catalyst formulation parameters (precious metal loading and Pt/Pd ratio) in diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs)+catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF)+selective catalytic reduction (SCR) on gaseous pollutant emissions from diesel engines. Results indicate that under varying conditions, the impact of catalyst formulation on DOC system performance—such as temperature rise characteristics, pressure drop, and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)—remains limited. Notably, exhaust temperature exerts a decisive influence on carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) conversion efficiency, significantly outweighing the impact of exhaust flow rate. Increasing precious metal loading and Pt proportion markedly optimizes CO and HC ignition characteristics by lowering ignition temperatures. However, under high-load conditions, conversion efficiencies across different catalyst formulations tend to converge. Specifically, under low-load conditions, a competitive adsorption mechanism between CO and HC causes HC conversion efficiency to exhibit an inverse trend relative to CO. Furthermore, higher precious metal loading and Pt content significantly enhance the catalyst’s NO2 formation capacity at equilibrium temperatures, while higher Pd content contributes to improved thermal stability. Higher precious metal loading and Pt content increase nitrogen oxides (NOx) conversion efficiency. CDPF possesses the ability to further oxidize NO. Full article
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16 pages, 4519 KB  
Article
Preparation of CoMn Layered Double Metal Oxide and Its Performance in Activating Peroxymonosulfate to Degrade Bisphenol A
by Guanyu Wang and Mengmeng Jin
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100973 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
To address the technical challenges in bisphenol A (BPA) pollution control, this research introduced a novel synthetic approach combining co-precipitation with subsequent thermal treatment to engineer layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with a spinel-structured CoMn-LDO catalyst. Systematic material characterizations such as a scanning electron [...] Read more.
To address the technical challenges in bisphenol A (BPA) pollution control, this research introduced a novel synthetic approach combining co-precipitation with subsequent thermal treatment to engineer layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with a spinel-structured CoMn-LDO catalyst. Systematic material characterizations such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to analyze the structural and chemical properties of the synthesized CoMn-LDO calcined at 500 °C. The catalytic performance was evaluated under optimized conditions (35 °C, pH 7.0, 2.0 mM PMS, 0.3 g/L catalyst), and mechanistic studies were conducted to identify the dominant reactive oxygen species. The CoMn-LDO exhibited exceptional peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation performance, achieving 96.75% BPA degradation within 90 min and 58.22% TOC removal. The synergistic redox cycling between Co2+/Co3+ and Mn3+/Mn4+ promoted the generation of ·OH (72.3% contribution) and SO4·−. The catalyst demonstrated superior stability, maintaining 89% degradation efficiency after five cycles. These results provide theoretical and practical insights for developing high-efficiency persulfate-activating catalysts. Full article
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9 pages, 1753 KB  
Article
Photocatalytic Degradation of VOCs Using Ga2O3-Coated Mesh for Practical Applications
by Hyeongju Cha, Sunjae Kim, Jinhan Jung, Ji-Hyeon Park, Wan Sik Hwang, Dae-Woo Jeon and Hyunah Kim
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100972 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 357
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major contributors to air pollution, posing significant environmental and health risks. Here we report gallium oxide (Ga2O3)-coated mesh as a practical immobilized photocatalyst for VOC degradation under UVC irradiation. A 3 wt.% Ga2 [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major contributors to air pollution, posing significant environmental and health risks. Here we report gallium oxide (Ga2O3)-coated mesh as a practical immobilized photocatalyst for VOC degradation under UVC irradiation. A 3 wt.% Ga2O3 suspension was spray-coated onto the stainless-steel mesh, yielding a uniform coating with strong adhesion properties, as confirmed by cross-sectional analysis. Under identical conditions to a Ga2O3 powder, the Ga2O3-coated mesh delivered comparable VOC degradation rates and first-order kinetics while offering superior mechanical stability and ease of handling. Over five consecutive cycles, 93–95% of the VOC degradation efficiency was retained with negligible loss of activity, confirming excellent reusability. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the Ga2O3-coated mesh after degradation reaction revealed significantly reduced VOC peaks, such as C=O and C-O absorption peaks, whereas spectra for the uncoated mesh changed only slightly. These results indicate that VOC degradation originates from the coated photocatalyst. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Ga2O3-coated mesh is a highly efficient, stable, and reusable platform for VOC removal, suggesting its potential for practical applications in air purification and environmental remediation. Full article
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15 pages, 8110 KB  
Article
Enabling Coal-Fired Power Flexibility: Wide-Temperature NOx Removal via Strong Electron–Orbital Interaction in Dual-Site Catalysts
by Shaogang Wang, Pengxin Zeng, Ning Li, Yuansheng Yi, Yongsheng Qin, Xin Yu, Lei Liu, Qi Guo and Zijian Zhou
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100971 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 359
Abstract
The narrow operating temperature window of commercial V-W/TiO2 catalysts severely limits NOx removal efficiency, especially during low-load boiler operations. To achieve broad-temperature NOx abatement, we developed Ce-M/Ti (M = Co, Fe, Mn, Mo) catalysts via a dual-site strategy. The temperatures [...] Read more.
The narrow operating temperature window of commercial V-W/TiO2 catalysts severely limits NOx removal efficiency, especially during low-load boiler operations. To achieve broad-temperature NOx abatement, we developed Ce-M/Ti (M = Co, Fe, Mn, Mo) catalysts via a dual-site strategy. The temperatures required for 80% NO conversion (T80) were 302 °C for Ce-Mo/Ti, 372 °C for Ce-Fe/Ti, 393 °C for Ce-Mn/Ti, and 415 °C for Ce-Co/Ti. Among them, Ce-Mo/Ti exhibited the most favorable low-temperature activity, outperforming a commercial catalyst (324 °C). Its turnover frequency (3.12 × 10−3 s−1) was 1.29 times higher. Combined physicochemical characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal the mechanism behind the enhanced dual-site synergy in Ce-Mo/Ti. In the Ce-Co, Ce-Fe, and Ce-Mn sites, weak orbital hybridization leads to limited charge transfer. In contrast, Ce-Mo/Ti exhibits stronger hybridization between the Ce 4f/5d and Mo 4d orbitals, which breaks the inherent limitation of the Ce-based (Ce3+/Ce4+) redox capability and enables reverse electron transfer from Mo to Ce. This distinctive electron transfer direction creates a unique electronic environment, activating an efficient redox cycle between Mo6+/Mo5+ and Ce4+/Ce3+. This work offers a promising design strategy for dual-site catalysts with high NOx removal efficiency over a wide temperature range. Full article
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36 pages, 3007 KB  
Review
Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles as Green Nanocatalysts in Multicomponent Heterocyclic Synthesis: Mechanisms, Metrics, and Future Directions
by Surtipal Sharma, Ruchi Bharti, Monika Verma, Renu Sharma, Adília Januário Charmier and Manas Sutradhar
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100970 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable and efficient synthetic methodologies has brought nanocatalysis to the forefront of modern organic chemistry, particularly in the construction of heterocyclic compounds through multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Among various nanocatalysts, calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) have gained significant attention because [...] Read more.
The growing demand for sustainable and efficient synthetic methodologies has brought nanocatalysis to the forefront of modern organic chemistry, particularly in the construction of heterocyclic compounds through multicomponent reactions (MCRs). Among various nanocatalysts, calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) have gained significant attention because of their strong basicity, thermal stability, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. This review provides a comprehensive account of the recent strategies using CaO NPs as heterogeneous catalysts for the green synthesis of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocycles through MCRs. Key reactions such as Biginelli, Hantzsch, and pyran annulations are discussed in detail, with emphasis on atom economy, reaction conditions, product yields, and catalyst reusability. In many instances, CaO NPs have enabled solvent-free or aqueous protocols with high efficiency and reduced reaction times, often under mild conditions. Mechanistic aspects are analyzed to highlight the catalytic role of surface basic sites in facilitating condensation and cyclization steps. The performance of CaO NPs is also compared with other oxide nanocatalysts, showcasing their benefits from green metrics evaluation like E-factor and turnover frequency. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in areas such as asymmetric catalysis, industrial scalability, and catalytic stability under continuous use. To address these gaps, future directions involving doped CaO nanomaterials, hybrid composites, and mechanochemical approaches are proposed. This review aims to provide a focused and critical perspective on CaO NP-catalyzed MCRs, offering insights that may guide further innovations in sustainable heterocyclic synthesis. Full article
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22 pages, 3033 KB  
Article
Unveiling Silver Catalysis to Access 5-Substituted Tetrazole Through [3+2]Cycloaddition Reaction, Utilizing Novel Silver Supramolecular Coordination Polymer-Based Catalyst: A New Green Horizon
by Mohamed M. El-bendary, Abdullah Akhdhar, Bambar Davaasuren, Abdullah S. Al-Bogami and Tamer S. Saleh
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100969 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
A novel Ag(I) coordination polymer, [Ag2(bipy)(btca)]n, (SCP 1) was synthesized using 4,4′-bipyridyl (bipy) and 1,2,4,5-benzene-tetracarboxylic acid (H4BTC). Characterization by FT-IR, 1H/13C NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed its 3D network structure. The [...] Read more.
A novel Ag(I) coordination polymer, [Ag2(bipy)(btca)]n, (SCP 1) was synthesized using 4,4′-bipyridyl (bipy) and 1,2,4,5-benzene-tetracarboxylic acid (H4BTC). Characterization by FT-IR, 1H/13C NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed its 3D network structure. The structure of SCP 1 consists of two chains arranged in …ABAB… fashion. Chain A is one-dimensional, containing [Ag(4,4′-bipy)]n chain, while chain B is free, containing uncoordinated 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylate and water molecules. The stacking and argentophilic interactions extend the chain A of [Ag(4,4′-bipy)]n into a two-dimensional layer. In contrast, chain B of uncoordinated 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylate and water molecules form a 1-D chain through extensive hydrogen bonds between water molecules and BTC ions and between water molecules themselves. Chains A and B are connected through extensive hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network structure. This Silver I supramolecular coordination polymer (SCP 1) demonstrated high catalytic activity as a recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles via [3+2] cycloaddition of NaN3 and terminal nitriles under solvent-free conditions in a Q-tube pressure reactor (yields: 94–99%). A mechanistic proposal involving cooperative Lewis acidic Ag(I) sites and Brønsted acidic -COOH groups facilitates the cycloaddition and protonation steps. SCP 1 catalyst exhibits reusability up to 4 cycles without significant loss of activity. The structural stability of the SCP 1 catalyst was assessed based on PXRD and FTIR analyses of the catalyst after usage, confirming its integrity during the recycling process. Full article
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18 pages, 2398 KB  
Article
Synergistic Radical and Non-Radical Pathways in Phenol Degradation: Electron Transfer Mechanism Dominated by N-Doped Carbon/Peroxymonosulfate System
by Qiongqiong He, Xuewen Wu, Ping Ma, Xiaoqi Wu and Zhenyong Miao
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100968 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
Phenolic compounds constitute the predominant group of recalcitrant organic contaminants in coal chemical wastewater. In this study, humic acid and urea were used as carbon and nitrogen sources to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon material (labeled as NC-800) through a two-step calcination process. Using this [...] Read more.
Phenolic compounds constitute the predominant group of recalcitrant organic contaminants in coal chemical wastewater. In this study, humic acid and urea were used as carbon and nitrogen sources to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon material (labeled as NC-800) through a two-step calcination process. Using this catalyst (NC-800) to activate PMS for phenol degradation achieved 100% phenol removal across a wide pH range (1–9). The removal rate remained at 99.62% even with high concentrations of inorganic anions or natural organic matter, breaking through the limitations of traditional Fenton-like reactions in terms of acid–base environment and anion influence. The quenching experiment and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy results indicated that the N-C/PMS system generated three active species hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (O2•−), and singlet oxygen (1O2) through the active sites in electron-rich regions such as graphite nitrogen, pyrrole nitrogen, and C=O. An electrochemical test revealed that the system formed a metastable NC-800-PMS* complex during the reaction, indicating the existence of a non-radical pathway of electron transfer. The combination of free radicals (•OH, O2•−) and non-free radicals (1O2, electron transfer) facilitated the rapid degradation of phenol, providing a theoretical basis for phenol degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)
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13 pages, 2404 KB  
Article
Strain Effect in PdCu Alloy Metallene for Enhanced Formic Acid Electrooxidation Reaction
by Kaili Wang, Zhen Cao and Jia He
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100967 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 355
Abstract
Developing high-activity and high-durability Pd-based electrocatalysts is an important strategy to promote their commercial application. Herein, a smaller particle size and ultrathin sheet-like PdCu alloy metallene (PdCuene) were successfully prepared by using a one-pot wet chemistry method for FAOR. Experimental measurements indicated that [...] Read more.
Developing high-activity and high-durability Pd-based electrocatalysts is an important strategy to promote their commercial application. Herein, a smaller particle size and ultrathin sheet-like PdCu alloy metallene (PdCuene) were successfully prepared by using a one-pot wet chemistry method for FAOR. Experimental measurements indicated that the introduction Cu into Pd lattice induces a significant compressive strain effect through lattice mismatch between Pd and Cu, and the strain effect optimizes the electronic structure of Pd, as well as the high electrochemical surface area, increased exposure of active sites, and appropriate lattice strain have been demonstrated as factors that influence the enhancement of intrinsic activity and the acceleration of kinetics, thereby improving FAOR performance. Moreover, the stronger lattice strain of 0.85% would facilitate surface adsorption and dissociation of formic acid. Specifically, the optimized PdCuene exhibits enhanced mass activity and specific activity with current densities of 2.31 A mgPd−1 and 4.09 mA cm−2, respectively, which transcend the activities of Pd metallene (1.44 A mgPd−1 and 2.73 mA cm−2) and commercial Pd/C (0.6 A mgPd−1 and 1.53 mA cm−2). Meanwhile, PdCuene displayed obvious enhanced durability. The work provides an approach to modulate the lattice strain engineering, which represents a highly promising strategy for designing efficient FAOR electrocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Catalysts for Emerging Electrochemical Technologies)
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20 pages, 3240 KB  
Article
Optimizing Gadolinium Promoted SBA-16 Supported Ni-Catalysts for Syngas Production via Dry Reforming of Methane
by Ebtisam Ali Alghamdi, Ghzzai Almutairi, Wasim Ullah Khan, Salwa B. Alreshaidan, Omalsad H. Odhah, Ahmed A. Bhran, Rashid Mehmood, Mohammed O. Bayazed, Ahmed A. Ibrahim and Ahmed S. Al-Fatesh
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100966 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
The reforming of methane using carbon dioxide, also known as dry reforming (DRM), is an environmentally benign method that utilizes greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This study evaluated the catalytic performance of nickel-based [...] Read more.
The reforming of methane using carbon dioxide, also known as dry reforming (DRM), is an environmentally benign method that utilizes greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This study evaluated the catalytic performance of nickel-based catalysts supported over SBA-16 (5Ni/SBA-16) promoted with 0.5 to 3 wt% of gadolinium (Gd). The characterization results of the catalysts, including textural properties, crystallite size, reducibility, morphology, acidity/basicity, and carbon deposition, facilitated the understanding of the insights of catalytic activity and stability performance of these catalysts. The incorporation of a suitable amount (1 wt%) of Gd promoter had a significant impact on the activity, resulting in the highest CH4 and CO2 conversions 69 and 78%, respectively. The higher specific surface area, higher reducibility, better dispersion, and smaller active metal particle size were the major factors contributing to the relatively better performance of 5Ni+1Gd/SBA-16. Morphological analysis using a transmission electron microscope showed the formation of carbon nanotubes over unpromoted 5Ni/SBA-16, in contrast to no significant carbon formation over 5Ni+1Gd/SBA-16. The process optimization results indicated that the experimental results were in agreement with the theoretically optimized findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanostructured Catalysts for Hydrogen Production)
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19 pages, 2196 KB  
Article
Mechanistic Distinction Between Oxidative and Chlorination Transformations of Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago Demonstrated by Dye Decolorization
by Norman Paz-Ramirez, Jacob Redwinski, Matthew A. Cranswick, Kyle A. Grice and Kari L. Stone
Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100965 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1009
Abstract
Effluents from the textile industry, particularly those containing synthetic azo dyes, poses a significant environmental threat, necessitating the development of more effective and sustainable pollutant removal methods. Traditional dye removal techniques often fall short in efficiency and environmental impact, prompting the exploration of [...] Read more.
Effluents from the textile industry, particularly those containing synthetic azo dyes, poses a significant environmental threat, necessitating the development of more effective and sustainable pollutant removal methods. Traditional dye removal techniques often fall short in efficiency and environmental impact, prompting the exploration of enzymatic degradation as a promising alternative. This study focuses on chloroperoxidase, a natural biocatalyst recognized for its ability to oxidize synthetic dyes into less harmful products. By exploring the mechanistic distinction between chlorination and oxidative processes, we investigate the enzyme’s specific degradation pathways for azo dyes and the resulting by-products. Utilizing analytical techniques, including liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and density functional theory (DFT), we gain insights into the decolorization mechanism, revealing that the enzyme preferentially generates oxidative products through C–N bond cleavage as its initial degradation step. These findings underscore not only the unique mechanistic properties of chloroperoxidase but also its potential as a biocatalyst for industrial applications. This study advocates further research into the optimization of enzyme-based systems, highlighting their relevance in advancing greener chemical practices in the textile industry, thus contributing to more sustainable manufacturing processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Engineering—the Core of Biocatalysis)
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