Synergistic Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Monotonic and Fatigue Properties of Uncracked and Cracked Epoxy Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Preparation of Specimens
2.2. Tests of Mechanical Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Monotonic Tensile Tests
3.2. Tensile Fatigue Tests
3.3. Mode I Fracture Toughness Tests
3.4. Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Tests
3.5. Facture Surfaces Study
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Filler Ratio | Monotonic Tensile Properties | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
MWCNT:GNP | Tensile Modulus, E (MPa) | Yield Strength, σy (MPa) | Ultimate Strength, σult (MPa) | Percent Elongation, εf (%) |
Neat epoxy | 3554.7 ± 70.5 | 52.8 ± 2.7 | 70.8 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.54 |
Total filler content = 0.2 wt % | ||||
0:10 | 3722.4 ± 28.1 (+4.7) 1 | 53.3 ± 1.6 (+0.9) | 74.2 ± 0.3 (+4.8) | 4.4 ± 0.89 (−46.3) |
1:9 | 3738.2 ± 43.9 (+5.2) | 53.3 ± 0.2 (+0.9) | 77.0 ± 0.04 (+8.8) | 6.9 ± 0.27 (−15.9) |
3:7 | 3474.7 ± 59.2 (−2.2) | 51.0 ± 0.9 (−3.41) | 71.8 ± 1.0 (+1.4) | 5.8 ± 0.43 (−29.3) |
5:5 | 3326.1 ± 32.7 (−6.4) | 44.3 ± 1.8 (−16.1) | 65.5 ± 1.1 (−7.5) | 5.8 ± 0.18 (−29.3) |
7:3 | 3521.0 ± 38.2 (−0.9) | 51.8 ± 0.8 (−1.9) | 75.9 ± 0.3 (+7.2) | 6.8 ± 0.32 (−17.1) |
9:1 | 3511.4 ± 106.1 (−1.2) | 52.9 ± 1.6 (+0.2) | 74.4 ± 0.4 (+5.1) | 6.5 ± 0.78 (−20.7) |
10:0 | 3654.5 ± 37.6 (+2.8) | 54.8 ± 3.7 (+3.8) | 72.4 ± 0.1 (+2.3) | 6.9 ± 0.12 (−15.9) |
Total filler content = 0.4 wt % | ||||
0:10 | 3407.2 ± 42.2 (−4.1) | 52.8 ± 3.8 (+0/.0) | 71.1 ± 2.7 (+0.4) | 6.2 ± 0.73 (−24.4) |
1:9 | 3868.7 ± 58.8 (+8.8) | 55.7 ± 1.6 (+5.5) | 81.6 ± 0.6 (+15.3) | 7.1 ± 0.44 (−13.4) |
3:7 | 3420.8 ± 57.6 (−3.8) | 47.3 ± 2.2 (−10.4) | 70.8 ± 0.6 (+0.0) | 7.8 ± 0.27 (−4.9) |
5:5 | 3590.6 ± 40.1 (+1.0) | 55.0 ± 0.4 (+2.0) | 74.2 ± 2.1 (+4.8) | 6.6 ± 0.18 (−19.5) |
7:3 | 3463.6 ± 9.7 (−2.6) | 49.9 ± 1.7 (−5.5) | 72.7 ± 0.6 (+2.7) | 7.9 ± 0.24 (−3.7) |
9:1 | 3465.7 ± 53.7 (−2.5) | 46.7 ± 0.9 (−11.6) | 71.0 ± 0.2 (+0.3) | 7.8 ± 0.39 (−4.9) |
10:0 | 3835.0 ± 16.1 (+7.9) | 54.2 ± 2.7 (+2.7) | 75.8 ± 1.1 (+7.1) | 7.9 ± 0.16 (−3.7) |
Filler Ratio | 1:9 | 3:7 | 5:5 | 7:3 | 9:1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studied | ||||||
Properties | ||||||
Monotonic tensile properties1 | ||||||
Tensile modulus | 0.6/12.1 | −6.1/−3.2 | −9.8/−0.8 | −4.2/−6.6 | −4.1/−8.6 | |
Yield strength | −0.3/5.2 | −5.1/−11.1 | −18.0/2.8 | −4.7/−7.2 | −3.2/−13.6 | |
Ultimate strength | 4.0/14.0 | −2.5/−2.4 | −10.6/1.0 | 4.0/−2.3 | 2.5/−5.7 | |
Percent elongation | 48.4/11.5 | 12.6/16.2 | 2.7/−6.4 | 10.6/6.9 | −2.3/0.9 | |
Fatigue strength corresponding to | ||||||
104 cycles | 10.5 | −2.8 | −6.8 | −5.4 | −6.8 | |
105 cycles | 11.4 | −4.7 | −6.9 | −6.8 | −10.3 | |
106 cycles | 11.8 | −6.5 | −7.0 | −8.2 | −13.7 | |
Mode I fracture toughness | 4.9 | 0.9 | −2.4 | −0.3 | −0.6 |
MWCNTs | GNPs | Epoxy Matrix | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lCNT (nm) | dCNT (nm) | (g/cm3) | ECNT (MPa) | lGNP (nm) | tGNP (nm) | (g/cm3) | EGNP (TPa) | (g/cm3) | EM (MPa) | ||
15,000 | 30 | 0.29 | 60,000 | 4000 | 5 | 1.39 | 1.0 | 1.14 | 3554 |
Filler Ratio (MWCNT:GNP) | Loading Level r (%) | Max. Applied Stress (MPa) | Fatigue Life Nf (cycles) | Fatigue Life Curves | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue Strength a | Fatigue Exponent b | Coef. of Determination R2 | Pseudo Fatigue Limit, (MPa) | ||||
0:00 (Neat Epoxy) | 70 | 49.56 | 6,203 | 94.64 | −0.0741 | 0.996 | 34 |
65 | 46.02 | 17,995 | |||||
60 | 42.48 | 50,281 | |||||
55 | 38.94 | 134,088 | |||||
50 | 35.4 | 639,238 | |||||
0:10 | 70 | 49.77 | 10,921 | 101.21 | −0.0743 | 0.977 | 36.26 |
65 | 46.22 | 54,603 | |||||
60 | 42.66 | 109,242 | |||||
55 | 39.11 | 432,690 | |||||
50 | 35.55 | >1,000,000 | |||||
1:9 | 70 | 57.12 | 7,741 | 107.98 | −0.0697 | 0.989 | 41.22 |
65 | 53.04 | 36,070 | |||||
60 | 48.96 | 82,263 | |||||
55 | 44.88 | 340,644 | |||||
50 | 40.8 | >1,000,000 | |||||
3:7 | 70 | 49.56 | 13,240 | 106.04 | −0.0801 | 0.998 | 35.07 |
65 | 46.02 | 37,232 | |||||
60 | 42.48 | 84,852 | |||||
55 | 38.94 | 254,360 | |||||
50 | 35.4 | 924,930 | |||||
5:5 | 75 | 55.65 | 6,136 | 94.24 | −0.0703 | 0.979 | 35.68 |
70 | 51.94 | 25,820 | |||||
65 | 48.23 | 79,835 | |||||
60 | 44.52 | 145,844 | |||||
55 | 40.81 | 581,860 | |||||
7:3 | 70 | 50.89 | 11,950 | 101.14 | −0.0748 | 0.986 | 35.99 |
65 | 47.26 | 21,436 | |||||
60 | 44.82 | 86,999 | |||||
55 | 39.99 | 189,423 | |||||
50 | 36.35 | >1,000,000 | |||||
9:1 | 70 | 49.7 | 14,842 | 109.37 | −0.0834 | 0.995 | 34.55 |
65 | 46.15 | 28,631 | |||||
60 | 42.6 | 72,395 | |||||
55 | 39.05 | 226,105 | |||||
50 | 35.5 | 779,772 | |||||
10:0 | 75 | 56.85 | 6,700 | 100.57 | −0.0659 | 0.978 | 40.46 |
70 | 53.06 | 15,662 | |||||
65 | 49.27 | 56,860 | |||||
60 | 45.48 | 105,850 | |||||
55 | 41.69 | 792,079 |
MWCNT: GNP | 0:0 (Neat Epoxy) | 0:10 | 1:9 | 3:7 | 5:5 | 7:3 | 9:1 | 10:0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fracture toughness 1 KIC | 0.289 ± 0.018 | 0.861 ± 0.021 (+9.2) | 0.904 ± 0.013 (+14.7) | 0.871 ± 0.012 (+1.4) | 0.843 ± 0.024 (+7.9) | 0.863 ± 0.023 (+9.5) | 0.862 ± 0.022 (+9.4) | 0.868 ± 0.022 (+10.1) |
Filler Ratio MWCNT:GNP | 0:0 (Neat Epoxy) | 0:10 | 1:9 | 3:7 | 5:5 | 7:3 | 9:1 | 10:0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient, C | 0.0299 | 0.0543 | 0.0809 | 0.1079 | 0.0316 | 0.0399 | 0.0605 | 0.1325 |
Exponent, m | 3.432 | 4.732 | 5.956 | 5.450 | 4.789 | 4.202 | 4.691 | 6.189 |
Coef. of determination, R2 | 0.982 | 0.943 | 0.993 | 0.988 | 0.984 | 0.990 | 0.987 | 0.994 |
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Jen, Y.-M.; Huang, J.-C.; Zheng, K.-Y. Synergistic Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Monotonic and Fatigue Properties of Uncracked and Cracked Epoxy Composites. Polymers 2020, 12, 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091895
Jen Y-M, Huang J-C, Zheng K-Y. Synergistic Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Monotonic and Fatigue Properties of Uncracked and Cracked Epoxy Composites. Polymers. 2020; 12(9):1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091895
Chicago/Turabian StyleJen, Yi-Ming, Jui-Cheng Huang, and Kun-Yang Zheng. 2020. "Synergistic Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Monotonic and Fatigue Properties of Uncracked and Cracked Epoxy Composites" Polymers 12, no. 9: 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091895