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Article

Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis

by
Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
1,2,3,*,
Brenda Liew Min Ren
1,
Rosnita A. Talib
1,
Rabitah Zakaria
1 and
Siti Hasnah Kamarudin
4
1
Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
4
School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2021, 13(10), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101581
Submission received: 1 April 2021 / Revised: 4 May 2021 / Accepted: 7 May 2021 / Published: 14 May 2021

Abstract

Dry mangosteen leaves are one of the raw materials used to produce marker ink. However, research using this free and abundant resource is rather limited. The less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach was mostly used in past studies on plant-based marker ink. The use of statistical analysis and the regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was considered essential in predicting the best combination of factors in formulating mangosteen leaf-based marker ink. Ideally, ink should have maximum color lightness, minimum viscosity, and fast-drying speed. The objective of this study to study the effect of glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the color lightness and viscosity of mangosteen-leaves-based marker ink. The viscosity, color lightness, and drying properties of the ink were tested, the significant effect of glycerol and CMC (responses) on ink properties was identified and the prediction model on the optimum value of the responses was developed by using response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructure of mangosteen leaves was analyzed to study the surface morphology and cell structure during dye extraction. A low amount of glycerol used was found to increase the value of color lightness. A decrease in CMC amounts resulted in low viscosity of marker ink. The optimum formulation for the ink can be achieved when the weight percents of glycerol, benzalkonium chloride, ferrous sulphate, and CMC are set at 5, 5, 1, and 3, respectively. SEM micrographs showed the greatest amount of cell wall structure collapse on samples boiled with the lowest amount of glycerol.
Keywords: mangosteen leaves; marker ink; color lightness; viscosity; optimization; RSM mangosteen leaves; marker ink; color lightness; viscosity; optimization; RSM
Graphical Abstract

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mohd Basri, M.S.; Liew Min Ren, B.; A. Talib, R.; Zakaria, R.; Kamarudin, S.H. Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis. Polymers 2021, 13, 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101581

AMA Style

Mohd Basri MS, Liew Min Ren B, A. Talib R, Zakaria R, Kamarudin SH. Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis. Polymers. 2021; 13(10):1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101581

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Basri, Mohd Salahuddin, Brenda Liew Min Ren, Rosnita A. Talib, Rabitah Zakaria, and Siti Hasnah Kamarudin. 2021. "Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis" Polymers 13, no. 10: 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101581

APA Style

Mohd Basri, M. S., Liew Min Ren, B., A. Talib, R., Zakaria, R., & Kamarudin, S. H. (2021). Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis. Polymers, 13(10), 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101581

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