Extruded PLA Nanocomposites Modified by Graphene Oxide and Ionic Liquid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Samples Preparation
2.3. Characterization Methods
3. Results
3.1. Processing and Characterization of Pellets
3.1.1. Optimization of the Extrusion of PLA and Its Derivatives
3.1.2. RAMAN and FT-IR
3.1.3. Thermal Analysis: TGA and DSC
3.2. Viscoelastic Behavior
3.2.1. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
3.2.2. Rheology
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Size | 40 µm |
Thickness | 1–2 nm |
Oxygen Content (XPS) | 30% |
BET | 400 m2/g |
Number of Layers | 1–2 |
GO | IL | |
---|---|---|
PLP | 0 wt.% | 5 wt.% |
PGO | 1 wt.% | 0 wt.% |
PGL | 1 wt.% | 5 wt.% |
Zone 1 | Zone 2 | Zone 3 | Zone 4 | Die | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | 160 °C | 185 °C | 200 °C | 200 °C | 190 °C |
Low | 125 °C | 145 °C | 150 °C | 150 °C | 140 °C |
Temperature Profile | Feeder (rpm) | Extruder (rpm) | Pressure (bar) | Torque (N·m) | SME (kJ/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | 10 | 130 | 7.5 | 2.9 | 0.368 |
High | 10 | 130 | 5 | 1.7 | 0.241 |
PLA | PLP | PGO | PGL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SME (kJ/kg) | 0.368 | 0.112 | 0.300 | 0.096 |
PLA | Assignment | IL | Assignment | GO | Assignment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2947 | -C-H3 [46,47] | 2964 | C-H [50,51] CH3 [50,51] | 3500, 3000 | O-H [55,56,57] |
2882 | -C-H [46] -C-H3 [47] | 2877 | CH3 [49] | 1719 | C=C [56] C=O [55,56,57] |
2297 | CH3 [46,47] | 1470 | CH2 [50] CH3 [51,52] | 1617 | C=O [55,56,57] C=C [56] |
1747 | C=O [46,47,48,49] | 871 | P-F ring [50] | 1037 | C-OH C-O [57,58] |
1452 | CH3 [46,47,49] | 814 | PF6 [51,53] C-H [53] | 980 | COOH C-O [58] |
1360 | -C-H3 [47,49] C H-CH3 [46] | 559 | F-P-F PF6 [54] | ||
1180 | C-O-C [47,48,49] -C-O [46] | ||||
1130 | C-O-C [47] ras CH3 [46] | ||||
1090 | C-O-C [46,47] | ||||
1045 | C-C [46] C-O-C [47,48,49] | ||||
760 | αCH3 [47] C=O [46] | ||||
695 | C=O [46] |
PLA | Assignment | IL | Assignment | GO | Assignment |
711 | C=O [59] | 307 | CH3-N-CH [53] | 1350 | D band [60] |
760 | C=O [59] | 471 | PF6 [53] | 1585 | G band [60] |
1092 | C-O-C [59] | 743 | PF6 [53] | 2690 | 2D band [60] |
1125 | CH3 [59] | 1462 | CH3 [53] | ||
1179 | C-O [59] | 2984 | CH3 [53] | ||
1386 | CH3 [59] | ||||
1450 | C-H [59] | ||||
1773 | C=O [59] |
Weight Loss (%) | PLA | PLP | PGO | PGL |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 334 °C | 349 °C | 334 °C | 318 °C |
50 | 365 °C | 381 °C | 367 °C | 365 °C |
95 | 382 °C | 409 °C | 383 °C | 383 °C |
PLA | PLP | PGO | PGL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tg | 57.3 °C | 55.8 °C | 56.4 °C | 57.7 °C |
ΔHrel | 0.51 J/g | 0.53 J/g | 0.18 J/g | 0.14 J/g |
E’ (MPa) | E’’ (MPa) | tan δ | |
---|---|---|---|
PLA | 55.1 ± 0.2 | 54.9 ± 0.7 | 58.5 ± 0.2 |
PLP | 46.1 ± 0.3 | 46.5 ± 0.5 | 55.5 ± 0.6 |
PGO | 55.3 ± 0.2 | 55.8 ± 0.4 | 61.3 ± 0.3 |
PGL | 42.2 ± 0.1 | 42.5 ± 0.6 | 49.5 ± 0.4 |
Temperature (°C) | PLA | PLP | PGO | PGL |
---|---|---|---|---|
110 | 0.01–100% | 0.01–100% | 0.01–100% | 0.01–100% |
130 | 0.01–100% | 0.01–100% | 0.01–100% | 0.1–100% |
150 | 0.01–100% | 0.01–100% | 0.05–100% | 0.1–100% |
170 | 0.01–100% | 0.1–100% | 0.1–100% | 0.2–100% |
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Sánchez-Rodríguez, C.; Avilés, M.-D.; Pamies, R.; Carrión-Vilches, F.-J.; Sanes, J.; Bermúdez, M.-D. Extruded PLA Nanocomposites Modified by Graphene Oxide and Ionic Liquid. Polymers 2021, 13, 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040655
Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Avilés M-D, Pamies R, Carrión-Vilches F-J, Sanes J, Bermúdez M-D. Extruded PLA Nanocomposites Modified by Graphene Oxide and Ionic Liquid. Polymers. 2021; 13(4):655. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040655
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Rodríguez, Cristian, María-Dolores Avilés, Ramón Pamies, Francisco-José Carrión-Vilches, José Sanes, and María-Dolores Bermúdez. 2021. "Extruded PLA Nanocomposites Modified by Graphene Oxide and Ionic Liquid" Polymers 13, no. 4: 655. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13040655