Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fillers’ Characterization
3.2. Structural Analysis
3.3. Thermal Properties
3.4. Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior under Forced-Flaming Conditions
3.5. Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Density | Volumetric Content of the Filler | Porosity |
---|---|---|---|
[g/cm3] | [%] | [%] | |
PE | 0.949 ± 0.003 | - | - |
PE/APP | 1.043 ± 0.001 | 10.95 | 1.33 |
PE/APP/5CS | 1.083 ± 0.001 | 13.2 | 1.45 |
PE/APP/10CS | 1.131 ± 0.001 | 15.6 | 1.09 |
PE/APP/20CS | 1.219 ± 0.001 | 21.2 | 2.27 |
PE/APP/5BP | 1.081 ± 0.001 | 13.2 | 1.59 |
PE/APP/10BP | 1.139 ± 0.002 | 15.7 | 0.38 |
PE/APP/20BP | 1.239 ± 0.001 | 21.4 | 0.48 |
PE/APP/5VM | 1.087 ± 0.001 | 13.4 | 0.91 |
PE/APP/10VM | 1.129 ± 0.001 | 16.0 | 1.04 |
PE/APP/20VM | 1.222 ± 0.001 | 22.0 | 1.44 |
Sample | TC | TM2 | ΔHm | Xc |
---|---|---|---|---|
[°C] | [J/g] | [%] | ||
PE | 113.1 | 131.7 | 198.2 | 68.8 |
PE/APP | 114.7 | 131.9 | 162.7 | 70.6 |
PE/APP/5CS | 114.8 | 131.6 | 141.7 | 65.6 |
PE/APP/10CS | 114.6 | 131.9 | 140.6 | 69.7 |
PE/APP/20CS | 115.4 | 131.7 | 118.4 | 68.5 |
PE/APP/5BP | 114.5 | 132.0 | 155.1 | 71.8 |
PE/APP/10BP | 114.3 | 131.4 | 126.1 | 62.5 |
PE/APP/20BP | 115.0 | 131.2 | 110.5 | 63.9 |
PE/APP/5VM | 115.3 | 132.2 | 162.5 | 75.2 |
PE/APP/10VM | 115.6 | 131.7 | 155.5 | 77.1 |
PE/APP/20VM | 114.2 | 132.1 | 148.0 | 85.6 |
Sample | T5% | 1st DTG Peak | 2nd DTG Peak | Residual Mass at 900°C |
---|---|---|---|---|
[°C] | [°C; %/min] | [%] | ||
PE | 424 | - | 471; −31.30 | 0 |
PE/APP | 417 | 370; −0.71 | 404; −27.90 | 7.6 |
PE/APP/5CS | 423 | 371; −0.59 | 473; −30.00 | 16.7 |
PE/APP/10CS | 426 | 376; −0.50 | 470; −25.96 | 21.5 |
PE/APP/20CS | 423 | 374; −0.45 | 474; −20.82 | 28.9 |
PE/APP/5BP | 422 | 361; −0.74 | 473; −23.39 | 14.5 |
PE/APP/10BP | 418 | 361; −0.51 | 469; −25.40 | 22.9 |
PE/APP/20BP | 418 | 363; −0.51 | 474; −18.24 | 33.0 |
PE/APP/5VM | 425 | 355; −0.72 | 473;−25.96 | 17.4 |
PE/APP/10VM | 423 | 362; −0.61 | 476; −24.32 | 21.9 |
PE/APP/20VM | 422 | 348; −0.48 | 477; −21.07 | 31.1 |
Materials | TTI, s | pHRR, kW/m2 | MARHE, kW/m2 | FIGRA, kW/m2 | THR, MJ/m2 | EHC, MJ/kg | Residue, % | CO Yield, kg/kg | SEA, m2/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE | 128 (10) | 414 (37) | 231 (15) | 1.0 (0.1) | 148 (5) | 42 (2) | 9 (0) | 0.0249 (0.0) | 332 (14) |
PE/APP | 174 (8) | 423 (35) | 195 (4) | 0.8 (0.0) | 153 (12) | 41 (2) | 18 (1) | 0.0295 (0.0) | 411 (25) |
PE/APP/5BP | 123 (20) | 391 (5) | 210 (15) | 0.7 (0.1) | 154 (15) | 41 (2) | 18 (3) | 0.0281 (0.01) | 456 (40) |
PE/APP/10BP | 119 (52) | 327 (58) | 203 (51) | 0.9 (0.4) | 137 (7) | 39 (2) | 23 (5) | 0.0272 (0.0) | 373 (62) |
PE/APP/20BP | 131 (67) | 277 (71) | 166 (47) | 0.7 (0.4) | 128 (3) | 38 (1) | 33 (5) | 0.0260 (0.0) | 419 (82) |
PE/APP/5CS | 159 (27) | 366 (16) | 176 (7) | 0.7 (0.1) | 135 (5) | 39 (2) | 23 (2) | 0.0314 (0.0) | 469 (10) |
PE/APP/10CS | 154 (19) | 286 (26) | 162 (3) | 0.5 (0.0) | 127 (7) | 38 (1) | 26 (0) | 0.0321 (0.0) | 491 (25) |
PE/APP/20CS | 165 (55) | 310 (34) | 166 (13) | 0.8 (0.2) | 132 (12) | 38 (2) | 33 (1) | 0.0320 (0.0) | 479 (27) |
PE/APP/5VM | 158 (13) | 301 (69) | 162 (23) | 0.4 (0.1) | 156 (3) | 41 (1) | 20 (0) | 0.0311 (0.) | 521 (33) |
PE/APP/10VM | 114 (32) | 252 (47) | 157 (33) | 0.8 (0.5) | 158 (19) | 44 (5) | 36 (2) | 0.0310 (0.0) | 404 (47) |
PE/APP/20VM | 185 (84) | 165 (40) | 93 (42) | 0.3 (0.4) | 140 (23) | 43 (5) | 25 (1) | 0.0251 (0.0) | 422 (138) |
Sample | Tensile Strength, σM | Elasticity Modulus, E | Elongation at Break, ε | Charpy Impact Strength, ak | Shore D Hardness | Vicat Softening Temperature, VST | Heat Deflection Temperature, HDT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MPa] | [%] | [kJ/m2] | [°ShD] | [°C] | |||
PE | 23.0 (1.4) | 673 (32.5) | 98 (12) | 3.64 (0.38) | 61.2 (0.6) | 74.5 (0.8) | 61.9 (4.1) |
PE/APP | 19.9 (0.66) | 862 (13.9) | 12 (3.2) | 1.84 (0.15) | 64.3 (1.0) | 73.6 (0.3) | 73.0 (4.5) |
PE/APP/5CS | 19.4 (0.24) | 924 (39.8) | 7.7 (0.96) | 1.79 (0.14) | 65.4 (0.6) | 73.5 (1.0) | 63.2 (0.5) |
PE/APP/10CS | 20.6 (1.75) | 1260 (100) | 5.3 (1.80) | 1.20 (0.31) | 64.8 (0.8) | 76.0 (0.6) | 73.6 (6.0) |
PE/APP/20CS | 19.9 (0.65) | 1335 (49.5) | 3.7 (0.08) | 2.22 (0.09) | 66.1 (0.5) | 77.6 (0.4) | 80.4 (6.4) |
PE/APP/5BP | 19.7 (0.66) | 978 (48.8) | 9.3 (0.87) | 2.05 (0.67) | 65.1 (0.8) | 73.5 (1.0) | 73.3 (0.3) |
PE/APP/10BP | 18.6 (0.43) | 1070 (55.0) | 8.6 (0.43) | 1.62 (0.62) | 66.1 (0.8) | 74.8 (1.3) | 77.9 (5.6) |
PE/APP/20BP | 18.4 (0.31) | 1200 (102) | 2.1 (0.09) | 1.04 (0.22) | 66.5 (1.6) | 81.6 (0.9) | 106.5 (5.4) |
PE/APP/5VM | 19.3 (0.53) | 976 (42.1) | 6.3 (1.1) | 1.43 (0.25) | 65.2 (0.7) | 75.6 (0.4) | 74.0 (1.2) |
PE/APP/10VM | 19.1 (0.45) | 1070 (61.1) | 4.7 (0.34) | 1.21 (0.06) | 66.4 (0.8) | 77.9 (0.9) | 77.7 (5.2) |
PE/APP/20VM | 19.0 (1.37) | 1450 (115) | 1.9 (0.32) | 1.00 (0.03) | 67.9 (1.2) | 82.3 (1.0) | 79.4 (2.3) |
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Barczewski, M.; Hejna, A.; Sałasińska, K.; Aniśko, J.; Piasecki, A.; Skórczewska, K.; Andrzejewski, J. Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency. Polymers 2022, 14, 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14122501
Barczewski M, Hejna A, Sałasińska K, Aniśko J, Piasecki A, Skórczewska K, Andrzejewski J. Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency. Polymers. 2022; 14(12):2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14122501
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarczewski, Mateusz, Aleksander Hejna, Kamila Sałasińska, Joanna Aniśko, Adam Piasecki, Katarzyna Skórczewska, and Jacek Andrzejewski. 2022. "Thermomechanical and Fire Properties of Polyethylene-Composite-Filled Ammonium Polyphosphate and Inorganic Fillers: An Evaluation of Their Modification Efficiency" Polymers 14, no. 12: 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14122501