Biomedical Composites of Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite for Bioplotting: Comprehensive Interpretation of the Reinforcement Course
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Information
2.2. Composite Preparation, Mixtures, Filaments and Pellets, and Testing of Filaments
2.3. Manufacturing of Three-Dimensional Printing Samples
2.4. Morphological and Elemental Examination of the Parts
2.5. Raman Spectral Evaluation
2.6. Conduction of Thermal Analysis
2.7. μ-CT Analysis
2.8. Mechanical Equipment and Settings
3. Results
3.1. Raman Spectroscopy and Spectral Differences
3.2. Thermal Characterization
3.3. Viscosity and MFR (Rheological Properties)
3.4. Mechanical Response of 3D-Printed Examples
3.5. Tomography Results of 3D-Bioplotted Specimens
3.6. Three-Dimensional-Printed Samples’ SEM Morphological Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The introduction of HAp in the PCL matrix did not negatively affect the behavior of the polymer, as the characterization process revealed;
- The 6.0 wt. % composite overall was the optimum loading in the study in terms of mechanical reinforcement;
- There was a connection found between the mechanical performance and both the porosity and dimensional accuracy of the samples;
- The study proposed a biocompatible PCL/HAp composite for bioplotting, with robust mechanical performance, which can be an asset for medical-related applications in tissue engineering and scaffolding.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wavenumber (cm−1) | Change | Raman Peak Assignment |
---|---|---|
960 | Gradual increase | Strong increase in O-CH3 rocking |
1035 | Gradual increase | Small increase in C-CH3 stretching |
1065 | Gradual increase | Small increase in C-O-C stretching |
1109 | Gradual increase | Strong increase in C-O-C stretching |
1282 | increase | Small increase in C-O-C stretching |
1305 | increase | Small increase in C=O bond stretching |
1443 | Increase | Small increase in CH3 deformation |
2844–3000 | Gradual decrease | Decrease in CH and CH2 stretching |
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Petousis, M.; Michailidis, N.; Korlos, A.; Papadakis, V.; David, C.; Sagris, D.; Mountakis, N.; Argyros, A.; Valsamos, J.; Vidakis, N. Biomedical Composites of Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite for Bioplotting: Comprehensive Interpretation of the Reinforcement Course. Polymers 2024, 16, 2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172400
Petousis M, Michailidis N, Korlos A, Papadakis V, David C, Sagris D, Mountakis N, Argyros A, Valsamos J, Vidakis N. Biomedical Composites of Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite for Bioplotting: Comprehensive Interpretation of the Reinforcement Course. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172400
Chicago/Turabian StylePetousis, Markos, Nikolaos Michailidis, Apostolos Korlos, Vassilis Papadakis, Constantine David, Dimitrios Sagris, Nikolaos Mountakis, Apostolos Argyros, John Valsamos, and Nectarios Vidakis. 2024. "Biomedical Composites of Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite for Bioplotting: Comprehensive Interpretation of the Reinforcement Course" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2400. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172400