Comparative Study of the Dehydrothermal Crosslinking of Electrospun Collagen Nanofibers: The Effects of Vacuum Conditions and Subsequent Chemical Crosslinking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the Electrospinning Solution
2.2. Electrospinning
2.3. Crosslinking
2.4. Mechanical Testing
2.5. Model for the Stress–Strain Relationship
2.6. Degradation and Swelling
2.7. Material Shrinkage
2.8. SEM Image Analysis
2.9. Infrared Spectroscopy
2.10. Statistical Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Mechanical Testing
3.2. Model
3.3. Degradation Test
3.4. Swelling Test
3.5. Shrinkage of the Material
3.6. SEM Morphology Analysis
3.7. Infrared Spectrometry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Type of Control/Crosslinking Procedure: |
---|---|
OR (control) | Original collagen material |
ES (control) | Electrospun, not crosslinked |
EDC/NHS (control) | Electrospun, EDC/NHS crosslinked |
DHT | DHT in air |
DHTvac | DHT under vacuum conditions |
DHT+EDC | DHT in air and subsequent EDC/NHS crosslinking |
DHTvac+EDC | DHT under vacuum conditions and subsequent EDC/NHS crosslinking |
Group | μ (MPa) | ±CI μ 95% | α (−) | ±CI α 95% | R2 | E (MPa) | SD | UTS (MPa) | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDC | 0.352 | 0.001 | 3.582 | 0.022 | 0.998 | 0.954 | 0.019 | 0.859 | 0.223 | |
DHT | 3 h | 0.063 | 0.001 | 1.575 | 0.073 | 0.976 | 0.168 | 0.011 | 0.159 | 0.062 |
6 h | 0.088 | 0.001 | 2.841 | 0.043 | 0.978 | 0.229 | 0.016 | 0.360 | 0.107 | |
12 h | 0.111 | 0.000 | 2.198 | 0.014 | 0.989 | 0.261 | 0.011 | 0.285 | 0.084 | |
24 h | 0.099 | 0.001 | 1.733 | 0.021 | 0.976 | 0.239 | 0.016 | 0.265 | 0.117 | |
48 h | 0.117 | 0.001 | 1.902 | 0.024 | 0.985 | 0.293 | 0.014 | 0.263 | 0.017 | |
72 h | 0.123 | 0.001 | 1.715 | 0.024 | 0.978 | 0.313 | 0.031 | 0.269 | 0.100 | |
DHTvac | 6 h | 0.075 | 0.001 | 4.342 | 0.079 | 0.996 | 0.195 | 0.006 | 0.191 | 0.052 |
12 h | 0.087 | 0.000 | 3.379 | 0.056 | 0.975 | 0.220 | 0.017 | 0.157 | 0.037 | |
24 h | 0.072 | 0.001 | 3.717 | 0.417 | 0.976 | 0.194 | 0.017 | 0.124 | 0.057 | |
48 h | 0.083 | 0.001 | 1.262 | 0.318 | 0.940 | 0.224 | 0.040 | 0.329 | 0.248 | |
72 h | 0.135 | 0.001 | 3.444 | 0.110 | 0.966 | 0.350 | 0.036 | 0.779 | 0.059 | |
DHT+EDC | 3 h | 0.431 | 0.004 | 6.982 | 0.247 | 0.989 | 1.224 | 0.076 | 0.330 | 0.132 |
6 h | 0.498 | 0.003 | 4.083 | 0.084 | 0.989 | 1.353 | 0.066 | 0.691 | 0.221 | |
12 h | 0.489 | 0.002 | 4.133 | 0.044 | 0.997 | 1.356 | 0.029 | 0.675 | 0.117 | |
24 h | 0.392 | 0.002 | 2.391 | 0.031 | 0.989 | 1.049 | 0.096 | 0.682 | 0.266 | |
48 h | 0.392 | 0.004 | 2.777 | 0.107 | 0.981 | 1.077 | 0.090 | 0.478 | 0.163 | |
72 h | 0.300 | 0.003 | 3.087 | 0.154 | 0.990 | 0.835 | 0.046 | 0.302 | 0.087 | |
DHTvac+EDC | 3 h | 0.494 | 0.006 | 7.099 | 0.306 | 0.979 | 1.348 | 0.105 | 0.877 | 0.086 |
6 h | 0.512 | 0.005 | 7.076 | 0.229 | 0.984 | 1.421 | 0.105 | 0.928 | 0.212 | |
12 h | 0.503 | 0.005 | 5.475 | 0.157 | 0.983 | 1.490 | 0.194 | 1.456 | 0.230 | |
24 h | 0.527 | 0.003 | 3.987 | 0.073 | 0.990 | 1.407 | 0.046 | 1.568 | 0.248 | |
48 h | 0.552 | 0.004 | 3.934 | 0.062 | 0.988 | 1.519 | 0.117 | 1.742 | 0.388 | |
72 h | 0.703 | 0.006 | 2.772 | 0.088 | 0.978 | 1.798 | 0.093 | 1.677 | 0.387 |
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Kužma, J.; Suchý, T.; Horný, L.; Šupová, M.; Sucharda, Z. Comparative Study of the Dehydrothermal Crosslinking of Electrospun Collagen Nanofibers: The Effects of Vacuum Conditions and Subsequent Chemical Crosslinking. Polymers 2024, 16, 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172453
Kužma J, Suchý T, Horný L, Šupová M, Sucharda Z. Comparative Study of the Dehydrothermal Crosslinking of Electrospun Collagen Nanofibers: The Effects of Vacuum Conditions and Subsequent Chemical Crosslinking. Polymers. 2024; 16(17):2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172453
Chicago/Turabian StyleKužma, Ján, Tomáš Suchý, Lukáš Horný, Monika Šupová, and Zbyněk Sucharda. 2024. "Comparative Study of the Dehydrothermal Crosslinking of Electrospun Collagen Nanofibers: The Effects of Vacuum Conditions and Subsequent Chemical Crosslinking" Polymers 16, no. 17: 2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172453