Synthesis and Dye Adsorption Dynamics of Chitosan–Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) Composite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Beads
2.2. Adsorption of Dyes Using CS/PVPP Beads
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Beads
3.1.1. Surface Area and Zeta Potential of the Beads
3.1.2. TGA Analysis
3.1.3. FTIR Analysis of Composite Beads before and after Dye Adsorption
3.2. Effect of Contact Time on Adsorption of Dye
3.3. The Effect of pH
3.4. The Effect of Temperature
3.5. Adsorption Isotherms
3.6. Adsorption Kinetics and Mass Transfer Studies
3.7. Adsorption Thermodynamics
3.8. Reusability
3.9. Degradation of Dye Mixtures
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Dye | Structure | Log P | pKa | Solubility (g/L) | BOD (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bismarck brown | 2.26 | 3.34 | 10 | 1.456 | |
Orange G | 4.931 | 11.5 | 80 | 1.176 | |
Indigo Carmine | 3.06 | 12.2 | 10 | 1.072 | |
Brilliant blue G | −0.35 | 12.4 | 40 | 0.43 g/g | |
Chitosan | −2.3 | 6.5 | Insoluble | - | |
PVPP | - | - | Insoluble | - |
Model | BB | OG | BBG | IC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | Best-fit values | ||||
Qm | 3.106 | 5305 * | 0.5927 | 4493 * | |
KL | 0.02809 | 4.367 × 10−6 | 0.02632 | 2.691 × 10−6 | |
Goodness of Fit | |||||
R2 | 0.9937 | 0.9472 | 0.8668 | 0.9637 | |
Freundlich | Best-fit values | ||||
KF | 0.1026 | 0.002916 | 0.04808 | 0.002293 | |
n | 1.254 | 0.6219 | 2.045 | 0.6946 | |
Goodness of Fit | |||||
R2 | 0.9914 | 0.9844 | 0.9323 | 0.9920 | |
BET | Best-fit values | ||||
Qm | 0.9650 | 0.2694 | 0.1470 | 0.2944 | |
KS | 0.1059 | 0.07362 | 1.010 | 0.03098 | |
KL | 0.01682 | 0.02070 | 0.009145 | 0.01241 | |
Goodness of Fit | |||||
R2 | 0.9926 | 0.9995 | 0.9725 | 0.9980 |
Model | BB | OG | BBG | IC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo first order | Best-fit values | ||||
Qe | 0.6170 | 0.4139 | 0.3038 | 0.3677 | |
k1 | 1.732 | 2.040 | 2.973 | 4.826 | |
Goodness of Fit | |||||
R2 | 0.9720 | 0.9733 | 0.9935 | 0.9993 | |
Pseudo second order | Best-fit values | ||||
Qe | 0.6489 | 0.4286 | 0.3098 | 0.3692 | |
k1 | 5.634 | 12.71 | 38.48 | 168.9 | |
Goodness of Fit | |||||
R2 | 0.9867 | 0.9782 | 0.9958 | 0.9994 | |
Boyd | Best-fit values | ||||
Plateau | 0.6170 | 0.4139 | 0.3038 | 0.3677 | |
K | 1.732 | 2.040 | 2.973 | 4.826 | |
Goodness of Fit | |||||
R2 | 0.9720 | 0.9733 | 0.9935 | 0.9993 | |
Multiple linear regression | Best-fit values | ||||
kWM1 | 0.5241 | 0.3661 | 0.2891 | 0.3651 | |
kWM2 | 0.07301 | 0.05025 | 0.01114 | 0.0002281 | |
kWM3 | 0.01037 | 0.01104 | 0.003359 | 0.003164 | |
Goodness of Fit | |||||
R2 | 0.9909 | 0.9805 | 0.9966 | 0.9997 |
Dye | ∆G° (kJ/mol) | ∆H° (kJ/mol) | ∆S° (J/mol) | R2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 °C | 35 °C | 45 °C | ||||
BB | −23.24 | −27.53 | −28.99 | 62.95 | 290.55 | 0.8611 |
OG | −13.53 | −16.40 | −16.23 | 27.37 | 138.74 | 0.5091 |
BBG | −25.11 | −30.28 | −29.10 | 35.42 | 206.35 | 0.2824 |
IC | −9.62 | −10.85 | −27.27 | 250.88 | 865.79 | 0.7756 |
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Share and Cite
Kyomuhimbo, H.D.; McHunu, W.; Arnold, M.; Feleni, U.; Haneklaus, N.H.; Brink, H.G. Synthesis and Dye Adsorption Dynamics of Chitosan–Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) Composite. Polymers 2024, 16, 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182555
Kyomuhimbo HD, McHunu W, Arnold M, Feleni U, Haneklaus NH, Brink HG. Synthesis and Dye Adsorption Dynamics of Chitosan–Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) Composite. Polymers. 2024; 16(18):2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182555
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyomuhimbo, Hilda Dinah, Wandile McHunu, Marco Arnold, Usisipho Feleni, Nils H. Haneklaus, and Hendrik Gideon Brink. 2024. "Synthesis and Dye Adsorption Dynamics of Chitosan–Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) Composite" Polymers 16, no. 18: 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182555