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Volume 17
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10.3390/polym17091157
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Article

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Clay/Essential Oils Bionanocomposites Incorporating Biochar: Thermo-Mechanical and Antioxidant Properties

by
Karla A. Garrido-Miranda
1,*,
María Eugenia Gonzalez
2,
Jacobo Hernandez-Montelongo
3,
Andrés Jaramillo
4,5,
Angelo Oñate
6,
César Burgos-Díaz
7 and
Miguel Manso-Silvan
8
1
Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
2
Center of Waste Management and Bioenergy-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
3
Departamento de Ciencias Matemáticas y Físicas, UC Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
5
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Cr 6 #76-103, Montería 230002, Colombia
6
Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Concepción, 315 Edmundo Larenas, Concepción 4070415, Chile
7
Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Temuco 4780000, Chile
8
Departamento de Física Aplicada and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2025, 17(9), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091157
Submission received: 20 February 2025 / Revised: 14 March 2025 / Accepted: 18 March 2025 / Published: 24 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application and Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite)
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Abstract

The use of biodegradable active materials is being explored as a strategy to reduce food loss and waste. The aim is to extend the shelf life of food and to ensure biodegradation when these materials are discarded. The utilization of biodegradable polymers remains limited due to their inherent properties and cost-effectiveness. An alternative approach involves the fabrication of bionanocomposites, which offer a potential solution to address these challenges. Therefore, this study investigates the production of a polyhydroxybutyrate/biochar/clay/essential oil (Tepa:Eugenol) bionanocomposite with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The morphological, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties of the materials were evaluated in comparison to those of the original PHB. The materials obtained showed a porous surface with cavities, associated with the presence of biochar. It was also determined that it presented an intercalated–exfoliated morphology by XRD. Thermal properties showed minor improvements over those of PHB, indicating that the components did not substantially influence properties such as crystallization temperature, decomposition temperature, or degree of crystallinity; the melting temperature decreased up to 11%. In addition, the PHB/biochar_7/MMT-OM_3/EO_3 bionanocomposites showed a tendency toward hydrophobicity and the highest elastic modulus with respect to PHB. Finally, all essential-oil-loaded bionanocomposites exhibited excellent antioxidant properties against DPPH and ABTS radicals. The results highlight the potential of these bionanocomposites for the development of antioxidant active packaging.
Keywords: antioxidant; biochar; bionanocomposites; PHB; essential oil (Tepa:eugenol) antioxidant; biochar; bionanocomposites; PHB; essential oil (Tepa:eugenol)
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MDPI and ACS Style

Garrido-Miranda, K.A.; Gonzalez, M.E.; Hernandez-Montelongo, J.; Jaramillo, A.; Oñate, A.; Burgos-Díaz, C.; Manso-Silvan, M. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Clay/Essential Oils Bionanocomposites Incorporating Biochar: Thermo-Mechanical and Antioxidant Properties. Polymers 2025, 17, 1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091157

AMA Style

Garrido-Miranda KA, Gonzalez ME, Hernandez-Montelongo J, Jaramillo A, Oñate A, Burgos-Díaz C, Manso-Silvan M. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Clay/Essential Oils Bionanocomposites Incorporating Biochar: Thermo-Mechanical and Antioxidant Properties. Polymers. 2025; 17(9):1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091157

Chicago/Turabian Style

Garrido-Miranda, Karla A., María Eugenia Gonzalez, Jacobo Hernandez-Montelongo, Andrés Jaramillo, Angelo Oñate, César Burgos-Díaz, and Miguel Manso-Silvan. 2025. "Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Clay/Essential Oils Bionanocomposites Incorporating Biochar: Thermo-Mechanical and Antioxidant Properties" Polymers 17, no. 9: 1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091157

APA Style

Garrido-Miranda, K. A., Gonzalez, M. E., Hernandez-Montelongo, J., Jaramillo, A., Oñate, A., Burgos-Díaz, C., & Manso-Silvan, M. (2025). Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Clay/Essential Oils Bionanocomposites Incorporating Biochar: Thermo-Mechanical and Antioxidant Properties. Polymers, 17(9), 1157. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17091157

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