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Article

Extraction of Anthocyanins and Total Phenolic Compounds from Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Using an Experimental Design Methodology. Part 3: Microwave-Assisted Extraction

by
María José Aliaño-González
1,
Marta Ferreiro-González
1,
Estrella Espada-Bellido
1,
Ceferino Carrera
1,
Miguel Palma
1,
Jesús Ayuso
2,
Gerardo F. Barbero
1,* and
José Á. Álvarez
2
1
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
2
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2020, 10(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020179
Submission received: 29 December 2019 / Revised: 20 January 2020 / Accepted: 23 January 2020 / Published: 27 January 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction and Analysis of Natural Product in Plant)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In this work, two methods based on microwave-assisted extraction techniques for the extraction of both anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds from açai have been developed. For that, a full factorial design (Box-Behnken design) has been used to optimize the following four variables: solvent composition (25–75% methanol in water), temperature (50–100 °C), pH (2–7), and sample/solvent ratio (0.5 g: 10 mL–0.5 g: 20 mL). The anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds content have been determined by ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. The optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins were 38% MeOH in water, 99.63 °C, pH 3.00, at 0.5 g: 10 mL of ratio, while for the extraction of total phenolic compounds they were 74.16% MeOH in water, 99.14 °C, pH 5.46, at 0.5 g: 20 mL of ratio. Both methods have shown a high repeatability and intermediate precision with a relative standard deviation lower than 5%. Furthermore, an extraction kinetics study was carried out using extraction periods ranging from 2 min until 25 min. The optimized methods have been applied to açai-containing real samples. The results with such real samples have confirmed that both methods are suitable for a rapid and reliable extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Nowadays, the use of vegetables and fruits in the treatment and prevention of different chronic diseases, like cancer, based on their interesting antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties, is increasing [1,2,3,4,5]. Euterpe is a genus of tropical palm trees native to Northern South America that produces three predominant fruits: Euterpe edulis Mart., Euterpe precatoria Mart., and Euterpe oleracea Mart. Different studies have proven the significant properties of those species for the treatment of different diseases [6].
Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is a spherical dark drupe of a small size (1.0–1.8 cm) which is very appreciated for its nutritional content such as proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, and fats [7,8]; this is why native people from these regions have included it in their diet for centuries [9]. Several research studies have improved our knowledge on its composition and properties and have actually proven that açai is one of the fruit varieties with the richest natural antioxidants content. Its high in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity (anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, vitamins, etc.) [10] has supported its application in different fields such as cosmetics [11,12], the treatment of neurological disorders [13], or the destruction of carcinogenic cells [14,15], thanks to its high polyphenolic compositions. The antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory action of either açai pulp or açai juice have been studied in humans [13] as well as in cell culture models [16].
The recently discovered antioxidant [17], anti-inflammatory [8,18], and anticancer [14,19] properties have been attributed to its high content in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are generally associated with health-promoting properties and the prevention of different degenerative diseases, since they seem to be responsible for the antioxidant properties and anticancer capacities of certain foods [20,21]. The mainly phenolic compounds found in açai are protocatechuic acid, procyanidins, epicatechin, benzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, orientin, isoorientin, and vitexin, among others [22,23]. Anthocyanin is a particular variety of phenolic compounds which is associated to the purple color of açai and has exhibited important therapeutic effects such as anti-inflammatory, UV radiation-protective, chemoprotective properties, as well as the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases [24,25,26,27].
A total of 20 different anthocyanidins, which are the sugar-free counterparts of anthocyanins, have been identified [28,29], six of them being the most abundant: pelargonidin, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin. These anthocyanidins differ in the number and position of their hydroxyl and methoxyl groups, and they differ by their glycosyl and aromatic or aliphatic acyl moieties, which results in hundreds of different anthocyanin molecules [23,30,31]. Four main anthocyanins have been identified in açai: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-rutinoside [10,32].
Different extraction techniques like Soxhlet [9], supercritical fluid CO2 [33], ultrasound-assisted extraction [34], or pressurized liquid extraction [35] have been used for the extraction of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins from açai. Nevertheless, an exhaustive extraction study on these techniques in order to keep a quality control of the raw material, its storage, and a quality process has not been reported to date.
Microwaves are high-frequency electromagnetic waves located in the radiofrequency regions of the spectrum between radiofrequency and infrared (i.e., between 0.3 and 300 GHz). In contrast to conventional heating, where the heat penetrates slowly from the outside into the inside medium of a sample, the microwave energy is a “cold” heat-production [36]. The heat is produced right in the core of the object and it spreads from the inside to the outside of a sample [37].
Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is an analytical technique based on the extraction of compounds of interest using a solvent and microwave energy. When the extraction is carried out in closed vessels, the temperature reached may exceed the boiling point of the solvent. In most cases, the temperature of a solvent in a container is between two to three times higher than its boiling temperature [38,39]. Solvents increase their capacity to solve analytes at higher temperatures. This is explained by the fact that the solvent surface tension and viscosity decreases as the temperature climbs, and thus its penetration into the matrix improves [40]. In recent years, the frequency of use of this technique has grown significantly, especially for the extraction of natural foods substances and metabolites from plants. Thus, it has been used for the extraction of the phenolic compounds and anthocyanins found in maqui berries [41], myrtle [42], blackberries [43], rice grains [44], etc.
Once the different extracts have been obtained, different techniques can be used to determine the amount of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds obtained. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a kind of liquid chromatography based on the pumping of a solvent that acts as the mobile phase at high pressure. It is often selected for its capacity to separate different compounds, even if they are not volatile or thermolabile compounds. Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is a different variety of liquid chromatography which provides a better resolution when working at high pressure levels. Both systems have been used to identify phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in maoluang fruits [45], primula [46], andeanfruit [47], lotus seed [48], and açai [10,49], among others.
On the other hand, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical technique based on the absorption and reflectance exhibited by some compounds when electromagnetic resonance is applied in the ultraviolet and visible range. This information can be used to identify some functional groups and to determine their concentration. The Folin-Ciocalteu procedure is one of the methods that are most often used to determine the total phenolic compounds concentration. It has been applied to the analysis of phenolic compounds in Cytisusvillosus [50], Cryphaeaheteromalla [51], elderberry [52], rice [53], and açai [10], among others.
The aim of this research is to design a fast and reliable method to determine anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in a particular açai containing raw material, i.e., commercial products as well as açai residues to be used in industries and laboratories. For that purpose, a microwave-assisted extraction method has been optimized for the extraction of the anthocyanins and the total phenolic compounds that are found in lyophilized açai samples. Finally, the optimized methods were applied to different commercial açai containing products (freeze-dried açai, as well as açai juice, jam, and tablets).

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Reagents

The methanol (MeOH) from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK), and the formic acid from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) were both HPLC grade and used for the chromatographic separation. To regulate the pH of the extraction solvents, “for analysis” grade hydrochloric acid from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) was used. Ultra-pure water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purifier system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA).
Cyanidin chloride (≥ 95% pure) from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) was the standard used for anthocyanins. As far as the total phenolic compounds are concerned, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent from EMD Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany), sodium carbonate anhydrous from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain), and gallic acid pattern from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) were employed.

2.2. Açai Samples

In order to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction methods, a lyophilized açai (MundoArcoiris, Besalú, Girona, Spain) from ecological agriculture was used. Furthermore, different presentations of açai products (three lyophilized açai, three açai juices, an açai tablet, and an açai jam) were selected to study the applicability of the method developed in this study.

2.3. Microwave-Assisted Extraction

An ETHOS 1600 (Advanced Microwave Labstation, Milestone Inc., Shelton, CT, USA) equipment was used for the microwave-assisted extraction. The appropriate amount of sample (0.5 g) was weighed and placed into a high pressure teflon container. After that, the corresponding amount of solvent was added and covered by a teflon cap to prevent any gas leaks that may be generated during the process. Then, it was placed in the rotary carousel. The carousel was put into the extraction equipment, and a 10-min extraction program was started. The variables that had been selected to be optimized were the extraction solvent (25–75% MeOH in water), the extraction temperature (50–100 °C), the extraction solvent pH (2–7), and the sample mass (g): solvent volume (mL) ratio (0.5:10–0.5:20).
After the extractions, the samples were cooled down at room temperature. Then, the extracts were centrifuged twice for 5 min at 7500 rpm (orbital radius 9.5 cm). Finally, the obtained extracts were filtered through a 0.20 μm nylon syringe filter (Membrane Solution, Dallas, TX, USA) prior to their chromatographic analysis. All the extractions were performed in duplicate.

2.4. Experimental Design Methodology

The positive and negative effects of the extraction variables on the response within the studied range were evaluated using the Box-Behnken statistical method, where two different responses were considered: on the one hand, the total amount of anthocyanins and, on the other hand, the total phenolic compounds.
In this experimental design, four extraction variables (each variable at three levels: low, medium, and high) have been evaluated. The four experimental variables were: solvent composition (25–50–75% methanol in water), temperature (50–75–100 °C), pH (2–4.5–7), and sample:solvent ratio (0.5 g of lyophilized açai in 10–15–20 mL). These ranges were selected based on existing previous studies on the extraction of both bioactive compounds [54,55]. The experimental design of the 27 extractions in duplicate (average values), including 3 experiments at the central point, along with their respective responses (total anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds) and the predicted values, are shown in Table S1.
The total amount of anthocyanins (mg anthocyanins per g of sample) as determined by UHPLC was used as one of the response variables, and the total amount of phenolic compounds (mg of total phenolic compounds per g of sample) as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used as the other response variable.
The responses of all these extractions were entered in a second-order polynomial equation as follows:
Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 + β4X4 + β12X1X2 + β13X1X3 + β14X1X4 + β23X2X3 + β24X2X4 + β34X3X4 + β11X12 + β22X22 + β33X32 + β44X42
In this equation, Y is the response and β0 is the ordinate at the origin; X1 (percentage of MeOH in the extraction solvent), X2 (temperature of extraction), X3 (pH of the extraction solvent), and X4 (sample:solvent ratio) are the independent variables; βi are the linear coefficients; and βij are the cross-product coefficients and βii are the quadratic coefficients.
Statgraphic Centurion (version XVII) software (Statgraphics Technologies, Inc., The Plains, VA, USA) was used to estimate the effects of the variables on the final responses, the second order mathematical model, the surface graphs, the analysis of variance, as well as the optimum levels of the significant variables.

2.5. Identification of Anthocyanins by UHPLC-QToF-MS

Regarding the identification of anthocyanins, an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-ToF-MS) (Xevo G2, Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) was used. The injection volume was set to 3 μL. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reverse-phase C18 analytical column of 2.1 mm x 100 mm and a 1.7 μm particle size (Acquity UHPLC BEH C18, Waters).
We employed water (2% formic acid) as solvent A and methanol as solvent B at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min−1. The applied gradient was as follows: 0 min, 15% B; 3.30 min, 20% B; 3.86 min, 30% B; 5.05 min, 40% B; 5.35 min, 55% B; 5.64 min, 60% B; 5.94 min, 95% B; 7.50 min, 95% B. The total run time was 12 min, including 4 min for re-equilibration.
The analytes were determined using an electrospray source operating in positive ionization mode under the following conditions: desolvation gas flow = 700 L h−1, desolvation temperature = 500 °C, cone gas flow = 10 L h−1, source temperature = 150 °C, capillary voltage = 700 V, cone voltage = 20 V, and trap collision energy = 4 eV. The full-scan mode was used (m/z = 100–1200).
Masslynx software (version 4.1) was used to control the equipment and for the acquisition and treatment of the data. The anthocyanins identified in the açai extracts were: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-rutinoside. The molecular ions [M]+ for these anthocyanins showed the following m/z ratios: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, m/z 449; cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, m/z 595; peonidin 3-O-glucoside, m/z 463; and peonidin 3-O-rutinoside, m/z 609.

2.6. Separation and Quantification of Anthocyanins by UHPLC-UV-vis

As far as the anthocyanins separation and quantification are concerned, an Elite UHPLC LaChrom Ultra System (VWR Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) consisting of an L-2200U Autosampler, an L2300 Column Oven, an L-2160U Pumps, and an L-2420U UV-vis Detector was used. For the chromatographic separation, the column oven was adjusted to 50 °C. For the analysis, the UV-vis detector was set at 520 nm. The anthocyanins were analyzed on a HaloTM C18 Hitachi LaChrom column (100 × 3 mm I.D., particle size 2.7 µm). A gradient method, using acidified water (5% formic acid) as solvent A, and methanol as solvent B, working at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1, was employed for the chromatographic separation. The employed gradient was as follows: 0 min, 15% B; 1.50 min, 20% B; 3.30 min, 30% B; 4.80 min, 40% B; 5.40 min, 55% B; 5.90 min, 60% B; 6.60 min, 95% B; 9.30 min, 95% B; 10 min, 15% B. A characteristic chromatogram of the separation of the anthocyanins in açai is shown in Figure 1.
The calibration curve of cyanidin chloride and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) obtained using the UHPLC-UV-vis method were as follows: y = 300,568.88x − 28,462.43, LOD = 0.198 mg L−1, LOQ = 0.662 mg L−1, with a linear regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9999. The LOD and LOQ were determined as the analyte concentration corresponding to the standard deviation of the signal of the blank values (n = 10) plus 3 or 10 times, respectively, divided by the slope of the linear regression.
The four anthocyanins present in açai (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-rutinoside) were quantified using the calibration curve for cyanidin chloride, taking into account the molecular weight of the anthocyanins analyzed. All the analyses were carried out in triplicate.

2.7. Total Phenolic Content

The total phenolic content of the extracts obtained from açai, both in the experimental design and in subsequent assays, was determined through the spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteu method described by Singleton and Rossi [56], incorporating the modifications suggested by Singleton et al. [57] for vegetable extracts. Gallic acid was used as the standard. A methanolic solution of gallic acid (1000 mg L−1) was diluted in methanol at various concentrations (0.1–500 mg L−1) to produce the standard curve. The reaction was performed by transferring 0.25 mL of standard solution or extract samples into 25 mL volumetric flasks. Then, 12.5 mL of distilled water, 1.25 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and 5 mL of aqueous sodium carbonate solution 20% (w/v) were added in this order. After that, the volumetric flask was flushed with distilled water and was manually stirred for 30 s and kept protected from the light at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance of the solution was measured at 765 nm by means of a spectrophotometer (JASCO V-530, JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with a quartz cuvette of 10 mm path length.
The calibration curve obtained for the gallic acid standard was y = 0.0024x − 0.0031. The analytical parameters of the calibration were: R2 = 0.9999; LOD = 1.649 mg L−1; LOQ = 5.498 mg L−1.

3. Results

3.1. Box-Behnken Design

A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction conditions for the total anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds from freeze-dried açai. Four different extraction variables were studied in the following ranges: % methanol in water between 25% and 75%, temperature values between 50 and 100 °C, solvent pH between 2 and 7, and sample-to-solvent ratio between 0.5:10 and 0.5:20 g açai: mL of extraction solvent. A total of 27 extractions in duplicate were performed. The extraction time was initially fixed at 10 min, and the amount of lyophilized açai employed was 0.5 g. All the experiments were performed in duplicate, and they are presented in Table S1.

3.2. Anthocyanins Optimization

3.2.1. Optimization of the Extraction Method

Once the 27 extractions were carried out by duplicate, the anthocyanin content in the extracts was quantified by UHPLC-UV-vis. The individual anthocyanins were added together to determine the total anthocyanins. The Box-Behnken design was applied to those values (average of each duplicate analysis) to determine the most influential variables and the optimum conditions for the extraction of the anthocyanins in açai.
The predicted values obtained from Equation (1) were correlated with the real values of the total anthocyanins. The data related to the fitting properties of the resulting model, expressed as a percentage of the differences between the experimental values for the anthocyanin recoveries and the calculated ones, are presented in Table S1.
The resulting average difference between the experimental data and the calculated values was 2.33%, ranging from 0.00% to 20.49%. This means that the extraction variables control the final extract composition in terms of anthocyanins recovery and that the extraction conditions can therefore be adjusted to optimize the extraction of the anthocyanins present in açai.
The standardized Pareto chart (Figure 2) and the p-values (Table 1) show that the most influential variables for the extraction of total anthocyanins in açai were the percentage of methanol in the extraction solvent (p-value: 0.000), the quadratic interaction of the percentage of methanol (p-value: 0.000), the interaction temperature-pH (p-value: 0.0154), and the interaction pH-ratio (p-value: 0.000).
It was expected that the percentage of methanol in the solvent extraction would be one of the most influential factors regarding the extraction of anthocyanins, since an extraction of this kind of compounds requires a solvent or a mix of solvents with a similar polarity to the compounds of interest. As expected, the quadratic interaction of the percentage of methanol and the individual effect of the percentage of methanol were the most influential factors. 38.23% methanol in water was the optimum value for the extraction of anthocyanins. This value is in accordance with the solvents used to extract these kinds of compounds from other vegetables matrixes such as blackberry [58], black bamboo [59], etc. The interaction between the pH and the ratio of solvent employed had a smaller influence on the extraction of total anthocyanins. The optimum values for the extraction of anthocyanins are shown in Table 2.

3.2.2. Kinetics of the Extraction Process

To assess the kinetics of the extraction process, three different extractions were carried out under the optimum conditions using different extraction times (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min). It can be observed from Figure 3 that the optimum time for the extraction, i.e., when the maximum recovery of anthocyanins is obtained, was 10 min. In fact, longer extraction periods affect the anthocyanins recovery, likely due to the degradation of these compounds because of the temperature [60].

3.2.3. Repeatability and Intermediate Precision of the Method

The repeatability and intermediate precision of the developed method have been determined. For this purpose, a total of 30 extractions were performed, distributed as follows: 12 extractions performed on the first day of the study, and 9 more extractions on each of the two subsequent days. It can be observed in Table 3 that the method had a suitable repeatability (RSD 1.66%) and intermediate precision (RSD 3.23%).

3.3. Phenolic Compounds Optimization

3.3.1. Optimization of the Extraction Method

The same extraction experiments that were carried out to determine the best conditions for the extraction of total anthocyanins using the Box-Behnken design were applied to the optimization of the total phenolic compounds extraction method. In this case, the Folin-Ciocalteu method described above was used to measure the total phenolic compounds in the extracts. With these values (average of each duplicate analysis), the Box-Behnken design was applied to determine the most influential variables and the optimum conditions for the extraction of total phenolic compounds.
The real values of the total phenolic compounds were correlated with the predicted values obtained by Equation (1). The actual values and predicted values, and the differences between them (%), are presented in Table S1. The resulting average difference ranged between 0.35% and 18.85%, and its average was 5.61%. This means that the extraction variables that were managed during the experiment control the final extract composition in terms of total phenolic compounds recovery and that the extraction conditions can therefore be adjusted to optimize the extraction of the phenolic compounds present in açai.
The standardized Pareto chart (Figure 4) and the p-values table (Table 1) showed that the most influential factors in the extraction of total phenolic compounds in açai were the temperature (p-value: 0.0055), the quadratic relation pH-pH (p-value: 0.0360), and the interaction pH-“ratio” (p-value: 0.0007).
Unlike what happened with total anthocyanins, the percentage of methanol did not represent an important influence on the amount of total phenolic compounds extracted. Phenolic compounds have a high range of polarity; thus, there is not a specific percentage of methanol that suits the extraction requirements of these compounds [61]. Consequently, the methanol percentage has a minor influence on the amount of phenolic compounds extracted. However, in this case, the temperature is a highly influential factor as it improves the extraction kinetics of these kinds of compounds; higher temperatures facilitate the solubility of the compounds and, as a consequence, their extraction [62]. Other factors, such as the volume of solvent employed, also have a remarkable effect. The optimum values for the total phenolic compounds extraction were gathered in Table 3.

3.3.2. Kinetics of the Extraction Process

The kinetics of the extraction of total phenolic compounds were also studied. In order to study the kinetics of the extraction process, three experiments at optimum extraction conditions (Table 2) were carried out using different extraction times (between 2 and 25 min). The results for the recovery of total phenolic compounds are represented in Figure 5. As in the case of anthocyanins, the optimum extraction time for the total phenolic compounds was 10 min, although no significant differences between 10 and 15 min could be observed.

3.3.3. Repeatability and Intermediate Precision of the Method

The repeatability and intermediate precision of the method were determined by means of different extractions in three consecutive days under the optimum extraction conditions that had been previously determined. 12 extractions were carried out on the same day to determine the repeatability. 9 additional extractions were performed on each one of the two consecutive days. The results (Table 3) showed the excellent repeatability (RSD 2.17%) and intermediate precision (RSD 2.42%) of the method.

3.4. Re-Extraction Experiments

A re-extraction study of the sample was carried out after the extraction, using the optimal extraction conditions for both total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanins. Quantities under 5% of the total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanins were obtained in both cases.

3.5. Application of the Methods to Real Samples

Once the two methods were developed and optimized for the microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds from açai, they were applied to eight real samples to demonstrate their suitability.
The extraction results are presented in Table 4, where large amounts of phenolic compounds can be observed. The largest amount of phenolic compounds was obtained from lyophilized açai, but the rest of the samples also had a high concentration of phenolic compound, ranging between 1.42 and 12.37 mg of the total phenolic compounds per gram of açai.
On the other hand, the concentration levels of anthocyanins in the real samples, except for the lyophilized açai ones, were very low. This is most probably due to the degradation of anthocyanins during the manufacturing process or storage of açai products [32]. Another possible reason is the small amount of açai used for the manufacturing of these products or the addition by manufacturers of other more affordable purple fruits to obtain a color similar to that of real açai. This theory is supported by the fact that some of the obtained chromatograms showed a series of peaks with retention times of over four minutes, probably caused by the presence of anthocyanins from different berries other than açai.

4. Conclusions

In the present work, four different anthocyanins were identified in açai: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and peonidin 3-O-rutinoside.
Two methods, where microwaves assisted the extraction of both the anthocyanins and the total phenolic compounds present in açai, were optimized. On the one hand, the optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins were determined as follows: 38.23% MeOH in the extraction solvent, 99.63 °C, pH 2, and 0.5:10 g açai: mL of extraction solvent ratio. On the other hand, the optimum conditions for the extraction of the phenolic compounds were determined as follows: 74.16% MeOH in the extraction solvent, 99.14 °C, pH 5.46, and 0.5:20 mL g açai: mL of extraction solvent ratio. Both methods exhibited both a high repeatability and intermediate precision, with RSD values below 3% in all cases.
A kinetics study was carried out, and 10 min of extraction time was proven to be enough to obtain the maximum amount of both total anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds. Both methods have proven their reliability and rapid implementation, and could therefore be considered as being perfectly suitable to implementation on an industrial scale.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/2/179/s1, Table S1. Box-Behnken design matrix with the values of the six variables for each experiment and measured and predicted responses (n = 2).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, E.E.-B. and G.F.B.; methodology, E.E.-B. and G.F.B.; software, M.F.-G.; formal analysis, M.J.A.-G. and C.C.; investigation, E.E.-B., C.C. and G.F.B.; resources, J.Á.Á., M.P. and J.A.; data curation, M.J.A.-G., M.F.-G. and G.F.B.; writing—original draft preparation, M.J.A.-G.; writing—review and editing, G.F.B., M.F.-G. and E.E.-B.; supervision, G.F.B., M.F.-G. and E.E.-B.; project administration, G.F.B., J.Á.Á., M.P. and J.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The authors acknowledge V. la Andaluza and University of Cadiz for the support provided through the project OT2016/046.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO) for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the research and Programa de Fomento e Impulso de la Actividad de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Cádiz for the payment support of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Agronomy 10 00179 g001 550
Figure 1. Chromatogram of the anthocyanins in an açai extract (λ = 520 nm). (1) cyanidin 3-O-glucoside; (2) cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside; (3) peonidin 3-O-glucoside; and (4) peonidin 3-O-rutinoside.
Figure 1. Chromatogram of the anthocyanins in an açai extract (λ = 520 nm). (1) cyanidin 3-O-glucoside; (2) cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside; (3) peonidin 3-O-glucoside; and (4) peonidin 3-O-rutinoside.
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Figure 2. The obtained standardized Pareto chart representing the optimization of the total anthocyanins extraction.
Figure 2. The obtained standardized Pareto chart representing the optimization of the total anthocyanins extraction.
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Figure 3. Milligrams of total anthocyanins recovered per gram of açai at different extraction times (n = 3).
Figure 3. Milligrams of total anthocyanins recovered per gram of açai at different extraction times (n = 3).
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Figure 4. The obtained standardized Pareto chart representing the optimization of total phenolic compounds extraction.
Figure 4. The obtained standardized Pareto chart representing the optimization of total phenolic compounds extraction.
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Figure 5. Milligrams of total phenolic compounds recovered per gram of açai recoveries during the kinetics study.
Figure 5. Milligrams of total phenolic compounds recovered per gram of açai recoveries during the kinetics study.
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Table
Table 1. Coefficients of the second-order polynomial equation obtained using the Box-Behnken design.
Table 1. Coefficients of the second-order polynomial equation obtained using the Box-Behnken design.
Total Anthocyanins CoefficientsTotal Anthocyanins p-ValuesTotal Phenolic Compounds CoefficientsTotal Phenolic Compounds p-Values
β01.1677 12.1491
Solvent−0.27960.00000.09100.7219
Temperature0.03660.27430.56270.0055
pH0.08630.05130.11780.6452
“Ratio”0.03730.38950.12330.6298
Solvent:Solvent−0.29440.00000.01970.9511
Solvent:Temperature−0.02970.5310−0.03720.8942
Solvent:pH−0.01950.7560−0.41790.2630
Solvent:”Ratio”−0.02540.68490.25860.4863
Temperature:Temperature0.09370.12760.07450.8355
Temperature:pH−0.11900.0154−0.24290.3878
Temperature:”Ratio”−0.07530.11700.25770.3598
pH:pH0.06060.2671−0.69200.0360
pH:”Ratio”0.45600.00001.36330.0007
“Ratio”:”Ratio”0.05800.2879−0.34550.2849
Table
Table 2. The optimum conditions from MAE for anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds.
Table 2. The optimum conditions from MAE for anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds.
VariableOptimum Values for Total AnthocyaninsOptimum Values for Total Phenolic Compounds
Solvent (% MeOH)38.2374.16
Temperature (°C)99.6399.14
pH2.005.46
“Ratio” (mL)1020
Table
Table 3. The results obtained from the repeatability and intermediate precision study for anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds.
Table 3. The results obtained from the repeatability and intermediate precision study for anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds.
Repeatability 1Intermediate Precision 2
Average (mg total anthocyanins/g açai)4.3774.346
Standard deviation0.0730.140
Relative standard deviation (%)1.663.23
Average (mg total phenolics/g açai)10.52310.574
Standard deviation0.2280.256
Relative standard deviation (%)2.172.42
1 Repeatability (n = 12); 2 Intermediate precision (n = 27).
Table
Table 4. The amount of total anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in real açai samples.
Table 4. The amount of total anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in real açai samples.
Samplesmg Total Anthocyanins/g samplemg Total Phenolic Compounds/g sample
Freeze-dried açai (1)5.56 ± 0.3412.37 ± 0.49
Freeze-dried açai (2)4.47 ± 0.4110.61 ± 0.37
Freeze-dried açai (3)4.05 ± 0.259.67 ± 0.50
Açai juice0.04 ± 0.002.48 ± 0.22
Açai juice food supplement0.05 ± 0.002.53 ± 0.18
Concentrated juice açai-banana0.01 ± 0.005.15 ± 0.29
Açai tablet0.04 ± 0.002.17 ± 0.25
Açai jam0.14 ± 0.011.42 ± 0.08

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Aliaño-González, M.J.; Ferreiro-González, M.; Espada-Bellido, E.; Carrera, C.; Palma, M.; Ayuso, J.; Barbero, G.F.; Álvarez, J.Á. Extraction of Anthocyanins and Total Phenolic Compounds from Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Using an Experimental Design Methodology. Part 3: Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Agronomy 2020, 10, 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020179

AMA Style

Aliaño-González MJ, Ferreiro-González M, Espada-Bellido E, Carrera C, Palma M, Ayuso J, Barbero GF, Álvarez JÁ. Extraction of Anthocyanins and Total Phenolic Compounds from Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Using an Experimental Design Methodology. Part 3: Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Agronomy. 2020; 10(2):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020179

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aliaño-González, María José, Marta Ferreiro-González, Estrella Espada-Bellido, Ceferino Carrera, Miguel Palma, Jesús Ayuso, Gerardo F. Barbero, and José Á. Álvarez. 2020. "Extraction of Anthocyanins and Total Phenolic Compounds from Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Using an Experimental Design Methodology. Part 3: Microwave-Assisted Extraction" Agronomy 10, no. 2: 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020179

APA Style

Aliaño-González, M. J., Ferreiro-González, M., Espada-Bellido, E., Carrera, C., Palma, M., Ayuso, J., Barbero, G. F., & Álvarez, J. Á. (2020). Extraction of Anthocyanins and Total Phenolic Compounds from Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Using an Experimental Design Methodology. Part 3: Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Agronomy, 10(2), 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020179

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